The present rules date back to 1475 as you wrote. However, there were local deviations from some rules as even today in some families they play according to deviating house rules. The first widespread international acceptance of the present rules by necessity came with the first international chess tournaments, about 250 years ago.
In 1823 games were played between British and French opponents, so the rules should have been uniform by then.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lewis_(chess_player)
I've been reading some of the Wikipedia articles on the history of chess. Like any great game, it's been complicated! https://19216801.onl/
I've been thinking about the question, "How far back in time could a modern chess player go and still be able to play chess well with current knowledge of strategies and tactics?" Specifically:
When is the earliest known version of chess which is recognizably modern Western chess? In other words, a game with the modern stalemate rule, castling, and so on. (Ignore details like the 50-move rule or white moves first, which would not significantly affect the strategy of the game.) Wikipedia says most of the rules were in place around 1475, but the stalemate rule wasn't finalized everywhere until the 19th century (which would have a big impact on strategy, right?). How early was there a version with modern rules including stalemate? Where was this version played?
When were these modern rules first widely accepted? Wikipedia says England did not accept the stalemate rule until the 19th century. What is the earliest date when most of the Western world was playing a recognizable version of modern Western chess?