Has Light got a decay factor?

KayakOrca;  can you tell us if the temperatures assumed at the time of the BB and shortly after were higher or lower would that increase or decrease the Lithium produced ?  

There is no BB.  That would imply a point of origin.  The universe is infinite.  It has no bounds and certainly no point of origin.

There are no absolutes, and the exception proves the rule.  This is a mathematical principle that answers the question:  How do you get something from nothing?  The answer is you don't.  Because the initial condition of absolute no space and no time cannot exist because of the mathematical principle:  There are no absolutes, and the exception proves the rule.  The exception is the infinity of universes including the universe we live in.  Therefore there is no BB.

That is wrong. Writing a refutation will take too long for me, so I will leave that up to someone else.

There is a BB, according to Hubble. The red shift is one of the major reasons why the BB is usually accepted.

Oi mate learn english

The red shift is only an indication that the particular galaxy is moving away from our point of reference.  From a different point of reference the galaxy might be blue shifted.  Since infinity has no bounds and certainly no point of origin, red shift is only a directional indication. 

 "red shift is only a directional indication."  This statement is WRONG !!!

The doppler effect with light.  I forgot you are a terminology FREAK

Thx for continuing my refutation!

You don't understand.  Red Shift indicates the Galaxy is moving away from us.  What about viewing the Milky Way from another galaxy.  If it is red shifted then the Millky Way is moving away from the point in the galaxy that it is being viewed from.  Or it could be that it is Blue shifted, indicating that the Milky Way is moving towards the point in the galaxy that it is being viewed from.  Take for example viewing the Milky Way from the Andromeda Galaxy.  The Milky Way would be Blue Shifted.

Majority of galaxies are red shifted.

And that proves nothing.  Strictly arbitrary.  We already know that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.  That does not determine bounds or point of origin.  Infinity like the universe has no bounds.  The BB places a bound on the universe, which is impossible because infinity has no bounds.

You keep insisting that the universe is infinite. Any evidence please?

The only direction in an infinite universe is change from more symmetric to less symmetric through spontaneous symmetry breakdown. From one force to the present spontaneous symmetry breakdown of 5 forces (gravity, the strong force, the weak force, electricity, and magnetism.)

Does "spontaneous" as you use the word mean "no time" or very little time and if little, how much ?

4.2 Spontaneous symmetry breaking

Spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) occurs in a situation where, given a symmetry of the equations of motion, solutions exist which are not invariant under the action of this symmetry without any explicit asymmetric input (whence the attribute “spontaneous”).^[16] A situation of this type can be first illustrated by means of simple cases taken from classical physics. Consider for example the case of a linear vertical stick with a compression force applied on the top and directed along its axis. The physical description is obviously invariant for all rotations around this axis. As long as the applied force is mild enough, the stick does not bend and the equilibrium configuration (the lowest energy configuration) is invariant under this symmetry. When the force reaches a critical value, the symmetric equilibrium configuration becomes unstable and an infinite number of equivalent lowest energy stable states appear, which are no longer rotationally symmetric but are related to each other by a rotation. The actual breaking of the symmetry may then easily occur by effect of a (however small) external asymmetric cause, and the stick bends until it reaches one of the infinite possible stable asymmetric equilibrium configurations.^[17] In substance, what happens in the above kind of situation is the following: when some parameter reaches a critical value, the lowest energy solution respecting the symmetry of the theory ceases to be stable under small perturbations and new asymmetric (but stable) lowest energy solutions appear. The new lowest energy solutions are asymmetric but are all related through the action of the symmetry transformations. In other words, there is a degeneracy (infinite or finite depending on whether the symmetry is continuous or discrete) of distinct asymmetric solutions of identical (lowest) energy, the whole set of which maintains the symmetry of the theory.

In quantum physics SSB actually does not occur in the case of finite systems: tunnelling takes place between the various degenerate states, and the true lowest energy state or “ground state” turns out to be a unique linear superposition of the degenerate states. In fact, SSB is applicable only to infinite systems — many-body systems (such as ferromagnets, superfluids and superconductors) and fields — the alternative degenerate ground states being all orthogonal to each other in the infinite volume limit and therefore separated by a “superselection rule” (see for example Weinberg, 1996, pp. 164–165).

Historically, the concept of SSB first emerged in condensed matter physics. The prototype case is the 1928 Heisenberg theory of the ferromagnet as an infinite array of spin 1/2 magnetic dipoles, with spin-spin interactions between nearest neighbours such that neighbouring dipoles tend to align. Although the theory is rotationally invariant, below the critical Curie temperature T_c the actual ground state of the ferromagnet has the spin all aligned in some particular direction (i.e. a magnetization pointing in that direction), thus not respecting the rotational symmetry. What happens is that below T_c there exists an infinitely degenerate set of ground states, in each of which the spins are all aligned in a given direction. A complete set of quantum states can be built upon each ground state. We thus have many different “possible worlds” (sets of solutions to the same equations), each one built on one of the possible orthogonal (in the infinite volume limit) ground states. To use a famous image by S. Coleman, a little man living inside one of these possible asymmetric worlds would have a hard time detecting the rotational symmetry of the laws of nature (all his experiments being under the effect of the background magnetic field). The symmetry is still there — the Hamiltonian being rotationally invariant — but “hidden” to the little man. Besides, there would be no way for the little man to detect directly that the ground state of his world is part of an infinitely degenerate multiplet. To go from one ground state of the infinite ferromagnet to another would require changing the directions of an infinite number of dipoles, an impossible task for the finite little man (Coleman, 1975, pp. 141–142). As said, in the infinite volume limit all ground states are separated by a superselection rule. Ruetsche (2006) discusses symmetry breaking and ferromagnetism from the algebraic perspective. Liu and Emch (2005) address the interpretative problems of explaining SSB in nonrelativistic quantum statistical mechanics. Fraser (2016) discusses SBB in finite systems, arguing against the indispensability of the thermodynamic limit in the characterization of SSB in statistical mechanics.

The same picture can be generalized to quantum field theory (QFT), the ground state becoming the vacuum state, and the role of the little man being played by ourselves. This means that there may exist symmetries of the laws of nature which are not manifest to us because the physical world in which we live is built on a vacuum state which is not invariant under them. In other words, the physical world of our experience can appear to us very asymmetric, but this does not necessarily mean that this asymmetry belongs to the fundamental laws of nature. SSB offers a key for understanding (and utilizing) this physical possiblity.

The concept of SSB was transferred from condensed matter physics to QFT in the early 1960s, thanks especially to works by Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio. Jona-Lasinio (2003) offers a first-hand account of how the idea of SSB was introduced and formalized in particle physics on the grounds of an analogy with the breaking of (electromagnetic) gauge symmetry in the 1957 theory of superconductivity by J. Bardeen, L. N. Cooper and J. R. Schrieffer (the so-called BCS theory). The application of SSB to particle physics in the 1960s and successive years led to profound physical consequences and played a fundamental role in the edification of the current Standard Model of elementary particles. In particular, let us mention the following main results that obtain in the case of the spontaneous breaking of a continous internal symmetry in QFT.

Goldstone theorem. In the case of a global continuous symmetry, massless bosons (known as “Goldstone bosons”) appear with the spontaneous breakdown of the symmetry according to a theorem first stated by J. Goldstone in 1960. The presence of these massless bosons, first seen as a serious problem since no particles of the sort had been observed in the context considered, was in fact the basis for the solution — by means of the so-called Higgs mechanism (see the next point) — of another similar problem, that is the fact that the 1954 Yang-Mills theory of non-Abelian gauge fields predicted unobservable massless particles, the gauge bosons.

Higgs mechanism. According to a “mechanism” established in a general way in 1964 independently by (i) P. Higgs, (ii) R. Brout and F. Englert, and (iii) G. S. Guralnik, C. R. Hagen and T. W. B. Kibble, in the case that the internal symmetry is promoted to a local one, the Goldstone bosons “disappear” and the gauge bosons acquire a mass. The Goldstone bosons are “eaten up” to give mass to the gauge bosons, and this happens without (explicitly) breaking the gauge invariance of the theory. Note that this mechanism for the mass generation for the gauge fields is also what ensures the renormalizability of theories involving massive gauge fields (such as the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam electroweak theory developed in the second half of the 1960s), as first generally demonstrated by M. Veltman and G. ’t Hooft in the early 1970s. (The Higgs mechanism it at the center of a lively debate among philosophers of physics: see, for example, Smeenk, 2006; Lyre, 2008; Struyve, 2011; Friederich, 2013. For a historical-philosophical analysis, see also Borrelli, 2012.)

Dynamical symmetry breaking (DSB). In such theories as the unified model of electroweak interactions, the SSB responsible (via the Higgs mechanism) for the masses of the gauge vector bosons is because of the symmetry-violating vacuum expectation values of scalar fields (the so-called Higgs fields) introduced ad hoc in the theory. For different reasons — first of all, the initially ad hoc character of these scalar fields for which there was no experimental evidence untill the results obtained in July 2012 at the LHC — some attention has been drawn to the possibility that the Higgs fields could be phenomenological rather than fundamental, that is bound states resulting from a specified dynamical mechanism. SSB realized in this way has been called “DSB”.^[18]

Symmetry breaking raises a number of philosophical issues. Some of them relate only to the breaking of specific types of symmetries, such as the issue of the significance of parity violation for the problem of the nature of space (see Section 2.4, above). Others, for example the connection between symmetry breaking and observability, are particular aspects of the general issue concerning the status and significance of physical symmetries, but in the case of SSB they take on a stronger force: what is the epistemological status of a theory based on “hidden” symmetries and SSB? Given that what we directly observe — the physical situation, the phenomenon — is asymmetric, what is the evidence for the “underlying” symmetry? On this point, see for example Morrison (2003) and Kosso (2000). In the absence of direct empirical evidence, the above question then becomes whether and how far the predictive and explanatory power of theories based on SSB provides good reasons for believing in the existence of the hidden symmetries. Finally, there are issues raised by the motivation for, and role of, SSB. See for example Earman (2003a), using the algebraic formulation of QFT to explain SSB; for further philosophical discussions on SBB in QFT in the algebraic approach, see Ruetsche (2011), Fraser (2012), and references therein. Landsman (2013) discusses the issue whether SBB in infinite quantum systems can be seen as an example of asymptotic emergence in physics.

SSB allows symmetric theories to describe asymmetric reality. In short, SSB provides a way of understanding the complexity of nature without renouncing fundamental symmetries. But why should we prefer symmetric to asymmetric fundamental laws? In other words, why assume that an observed asymmetry requires a cause, which can be an explicit breaking of the symmetry of the laws, asymmetric initial conditions, or SSB? Note that this assumption is very similar to the one expressed by Curie in his famous 1894 paper. Curie’s principle (the symmetries of the causes must be found in the effects; or, equivalently, the asymmetries of the effects must be found in the causes), when extended to include the case of SSB, is equivalent to a methodological principle according to which an asymmetry of the phenomena must come from the breaking (explicit or spontaneous) of the symmetry of the fundamental laws. What the real nature of this principle is remains an open issue, at the centre of a developing debate (see Section 3, above).

Finally, let us mention the argument that is sometimes made in the literature that SSB implies that Curie’s principle is violated because a symmetry is broken “spontaneously”, that is without the presence of any asymmetric cause. Now it is true that SSB indicates a situation where solutions exist that are not invariant under the symmetry of the law (dynamical equation) without any explicit breaking of this symmetry. But, as we have seen, the symmetry of the “cause” is not lost, it is conserved in the ensemble of the solutions (the whole “effect”).^[19]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking

So the article doesn't know EITHER.  Maybe you ought to spontaneously find out before the universe does it again.  In fact the article states, "What the real nature of this principle is remains an open issue, " The word TIME isn't used in the article.    AND with a little more reasoning; there is no way to BREAK something into 5 pieces.  A break gets you two pieces.  It takes several breaks to get 5 and that's not SPONTANEOUS.  Another JUNK article !!