Tidoms. A preon builds particles, a tidom is a preon. A tidom is a one dimensional fixed length and discrete time, not two different things, one thing, a tidom. Neither exist wthout the other and both only in this form. The length can not be subdivided. There is no half length unit, there is no half time unit. If you are at some "point" on the lenght, you are at all the points on the length. The length and time are Planck's length and Planck's time. This tidom is the L unit. Everything in this universe is built from these tidoms. Thus tidoms in different forms are time, energy, mass, momentum, particles and even think, as you do. Everything means the only thing. Remember tidoms built elementry particles, then elementry particles build systems of particles and we are at a proton and neutron and bigger, a factor of R (10**20) in length. The physics changes greatly between elementry particles and systems of particles. Tidoms have these properties. Tidoms only exist in a state of three. That is why we are in a 3 dimemsional universe. They have one "point" in common, the reason for both is that Time must start, or change values. To do this, 3 tidoms are needed. Time is used up to start time each tick of a tidom. This is a very small amout, atleast 1/R**3 (10**-60) of the amount of time changed. The time used in the change of time starts "down" the tidom towards the other end, then moves at right angles having started the time change. At right angles can be any perpendicular direction. There must now be a tidom there, and again starts time in that tidom moving one unit down its length and then at right angles. And third, there must again be a tidom there where again it moves one unit starting the third tidom and then moving at right angles. This new "place" is the start of the first motion of time and can only happen with at least 3 dimensions and be a minimum energy. Just as important is the fact that the 3 tidoms are not starting at the same moment, but in order. 1,2,3. This holdes the tidoms together and as a unit of 3. It also explains that the 3 tidoms are either a right handed (1,2,3) or left handed (1,3,2) system. The difference is that the particle is either matter or antimatter for every elementry particle. So to summerize, (1) Tidoms are discrete length and time. You can not subdivide either, nor have one without the other. (2) They are always in groups of three and each is a particle. Only particles exist in nature. (3) They have one "point" in common and (4) are either matter or antimatter as they are either right or left handed systems. (5) They use up time on each tick and they tick at their own rate, or a single particle has three different times.
Next; we need to know that there are 3 different lengths and times for tidoms, L for low frequency, H for high and E for extreme. The ratios in the lengths are a factor of R in each case. The factor in the ratios of time is also R, so that the ratio ol length to time is C in all three cases. The difference between L in length and the width of the proton is also R. There are 10 tables of particles, (LLL) thru (EEE). Three of these tables exist but are very unstable and particles only exist for about 10**-35 of a second at the time of our BB. We will not deal with these; (LLE), (LHE). (LEE) now. These are tables with both an L and E tidom. The table (LLH) is the table of Fermions, and (LHH) are Bosons. The table (LLL) are space particles, Spocks; (HHH) contains the unit mass, Mu; (EEE) contains supermass, Sm; and (HHE) the first particle, Eu at the time of the BB. (HEE) is the unit force, all other forces are a fixed number of these combined. Next we start with the properties of charge and color. Our charge is different than we think of charge now. We think of the electromagnetic force now. The electro and magnetic forces are two different forces. But the magnet force is always caused by two bosons (spons) being emitted at the same time any virtural photon (charged boson) is emitted. These two are at right angles and in opposite directions. Thus we can not tell the difference between this and what we think is happening. The results always look like the electromagnetic force. The charge property comes from the tidom being shifted 180 degrees. That is, that the one point in common is at the middle of a tidom rather than at the end. This is true for both L and H tidoms. Thus any tidom shifted will contribute 1/3 charge to any particle with a 180 degree shifted tidom. The H may be shifted by mulitiple 45%s and have the property of color (3). Remember a shift of 180 degrees or greater changes the particle from right handed to left or anti matter. Tidoms are independent of each other and any or all may be shifted with respect to the other two. Each tidom has a mass state, determined by the starting point of all three tidoms. Thus every particle has three mass states, a zero mass is an acceptable state. So that the amount of mass is determined by the mass in the previous state as we change from one state to the next. So to summerize. (6) There are 3 different frequences for tidoms, L,H and E. We only see the E tidom at the time of the BB. (7) Every particle has 3 tidoms so these can be aranged in 10 different configurations or 10 tables of particles. (8) The property of charge or color is a shift of the tidom with respect to the starting point. L only shifts to the midpoint or charge and that now is an antiparticle. H can shift multipule 45 degrees for color and has 3 colors, at 180 or more it shifts to anti particle, (180 is charge only). (9) There are always three mass states for each basic particle, one may be zero and these states depend on the shifts of the 3 tidoms.
Here are the 12 states for Fermions. Let the notations for the shifts be 0 if no shift, 2 if a half shift for charge, 1 if the shift is 45,90 or 135 degrees for the three colors and 3 if both charge and one of the colors, these last two apply only to H. Thus the allowed particles are (000) meaning the (LLH) is; first L not shifted, 2nd the same and the H is non shifthed either. Next are (001), (002), and (003) for the three other H conditions. Also (020), (021), (022) and (023) if the 2nd L is charged shifted. and last we have (220), (221), (222) and (223). Thus there are 12 possible lowest energy, mass states particles. We know that there are only 4 in the standard model, Neutrino, Electron and two Quarks, one each with plus and minus charge. All 4 have three different mass states for 12 all together. The neutrino is the state (000), the electron is (222), and the two quarks are (221) plus and (003) negative. The charge in these two causes a right left handed condition twice for (221) and three times for the (222) and one for (003), thus one is plus and the other negitive. 8 of the 12 need to be ruled out for a reason dealing with the point in common and best explained after we see Bosons and Spocks. For the space particles the states are (000), (002), (022) and (222). None of these are ruled out. Therefore there are 4 Spocks each with 3 mass states, or 12 space particles. We only see one, the (000). We will find the other 11, all with mass, (very much) in the center of a galaxy. They cause the Fermi bubble and form a stable system because the force of gravity is balenced by the electro charge produced by these particles. The Bosons have 20 states; (LHH) has two possible values for L and 10 for the two HHs. The Standard Model is not correct with respect to bosons.
The rule for which states exist and WHY is not clear. We need atleast 2 states for (LLL). There are most likely 4 with no exceptions, (000),(002),(022),(222). The 4 (LLH) states all have a different value for H, namely 0,1,2,3. The bosons never have 2 color shifted Hs. Knowing the exact bosons would really help. But I will go with this theory before anyhing else, so here they are. The ones that exist are; (000) graviton and/or the real photon and/or spon, (these may also be (020 and (002)); (001) gluon, (222) virtural charge photon, (220) magnetic photon, Remember each has three mass states. The state (HHH), (000) is the unit mass, exactly the mass of the neutrino. (EEE) supermass (Sm), (HHE) first particle (Eu), and (HEE) Unit force Fu). Let us start at the Big Bang and see these particles.
All particles are built from three tidoms. All tidoms have common properties, therefore all particles have these common properties. For the L Tidom some of these are: 1) They are the lowest frequence, that is time has the largest change in value from one tick to the next. 2) There are always three tidoms to every particle. 3) They all are at right angles to each other. 4) They have one point in common always. 5) The L tidom is always aligned in the direction of motion first. The space particle, "Spock", for space block is the only particle in this table. 6) All tidoms may carry mass, thus there are always exactly three mass states for any particle. One state, normally the most stable may be massless. Tidoms are a function of time and distance, understand that energy is a form of time and energy moving over a distance is momentum, then a tidom is momentum.
There are 10**105 spocks per cubic meter. Space and the concept of a mathimatical volume are two different things. A volume may have from none, no space to at least 10 time more space than volume. The space block, spock, normally sits in Zu. The spock is surrounded by Zu. But multiple spocks may overlap in space. In our universe, vibrating time, we only "see" the spocks. There is no distance between spocks. An example to help understand this is a photon moving thru space. The photon moves from spock to spock each and every time cycle of the the L tidom. The distance traveled is the length of the tidom and the time necessary is one tick. That velocity is exactly C and this is why the value is C and every where C. The value is C if there is only one spock per cubic meter or 10 time 10**105 spocks per cubic meter. This difference in the density of spocks or space per unit volume is how space expands or contracts. Normally space is about 50% of the volume. The bosons called a "spon" is the "force" necessary for the movement of spocks in Zu. (see LHH). Spocks are created from the decay of mass. This occurs within a star and in general causes space to move out and away from a star in all directions rather evenly.
Space, a spock does have two special properties. One, but still in common with all other particles is an interaction between any two particles. All particles have a life cycle. If they do not interact with another particle within their life cycle their energy returns to Zu. This is the same action as borrow energy. The reason the spock is so involved is that it is the only particle around most of the time for most of the interactions. Even two spocks must interact in this way. That is done by the "spon" boson. The second property is called an energy chain. A particle never sees the furture, it only knows now and the past, what ever just happened. In the case of the spock, since all three tidoms are L, the past is a long time for particles and given that most of the time just two spocks are interacting they are extremely well in sycn. A virtural particle passing thru space will leave every spock it passes thru in prefect timing such that a chain some R (10**20) spocks long is in complete sycn. This is an energy chain. Real photons will not do this.
Let us start with the movement of mass in a spock. Mass, like any other particle is a particle. The spock is R times larger in volume than a fermion, fermions are R times larger than boson and bosons are R times larger than the unit mass. R**3 (10**60) unit masses fit into single spock, never more. For the unit mass to pass thru one spock it must pass thru every possible location in the spock. The spon is responsible for the movement of particles, including the unit mass from spock to spock and all move on the same and only one tick. Therefore, the minimum velocity a unit mass may have is one change of possition in every tick of the spock, or the L tidom. If the mass does not move, and the two particles do not interact with still another particle, both will return to Zu. Since the number of movements is an integer, the change in velocity is one unit of momentum. The masses only change momentum by this unit. All forces are from, a form of a single unit forces.
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We start with DEFINITIONS.
Nothing; nothing is exactly that, nothing. No time, no space, no rates of change, no quantum flux, no probabilities, no anything. Nothing may be a point or infinite, but not a space because we would have jumped right over 1 and 2 dimensional nothings. Nothing can not create anything. If it exist, it can not then not exist. Nothing can not change with respect to anything.
Time; (small t ), a one dimensional parameter used in math and physics that extends to infinity and beyond in both directions. Time is continuous. It's value is determined by the differences between two time events. It has no rates of change with respect to any other varable. No rate of change of the rates and it's rate is 1 with respect to itself at all times. It is not a particle and has no energy. Time can not have started or stopped or it would not be continuous at that point or the next. All other varables have 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. rates of change with respect to time.
Point; points are considered to be continuous. Points may be different from each other or may be the same. Points in 0,1,2,3 or 4 dimensional space are all different. There are no points next to the one in a 0 dimensional space. And only two next to any in a 1 dimensional space. In a cube we may add an finite number of line segments or planes, each full of points (1D, 2D), and the cube is still empty. But we can not add one more 3 dimensional point. We may pour an infinite number of points into a cube and they all end up at the same point (all 3D). For points to fill the cube they NEED a line segment. That segment is the distance between one point and any reference point. Without the three dimensional line segement with each point, we can not fill the space. So points in a any space, except zero, do not exist without a line segment. BOTH are needed.
Space; space is undefined. It may be finite, infinite, here before timed started, start from nothing, curved, able to double, move matter or not, full of universes, create matter with negitive energy, limit speed, even multiple spaces, etc. etc. Space is completely undefined.
These are not my definitions for nothing, time, points or space. They are what I assume other people will understand if I use these words. You may change them any way you like. I assume the first three "things" do not exist, and space has no listed properties from above. Now my definitions.
We will use a general rule to help us stay on track as we start. Nature is simple. If we must make a choice between options, we will chose the simplest and continue. Since we assume nothing, time and points do not exist and space is a question, as defined above, what does exist ? If these have a property in common, that property must be wrong. One property is that they are all continuous. If length and time are not continuous then all the math in the physics we now know is wrong, some good approximations, but wrong. If nothing does not exist, what can the next "bigger" thing to nothing be ? Assume nothing can accumulate something, Time(T), which is not passing, or unused time. A nothing which can accumulate unused time and the amount of that accumulation is zero, is pretty close to nothing. No TIME is passing in terms of small t (time). We will call this nothing a Zero dimensional degree of freedom universe or Zu. A place where unused Time accumulations and keeps getting bigger and bigger. In terms of places we already know , think of it as the place where borrow energy comes from and returns to and is always here. TIME (T) is discrete. Here are two examples to help understand discrete Time. One: consider a movie. Here each frame has stopped time. Nothing is in motion, yet the movie seems real. If we use a high speed camera, we can study things we would never see without one. Now think of a super high speed camera. Here each frame has captured a photon. The photon is moving the lenght of the frame, Plancks lenght, 1.6x10**-35 m between each frame. The time between frames is Plancks time, 5.4x10**-44 s. This is nature, this is how Time ticks and photons move when the photon stands still in each frame. If we take frames 10 times faster, the photon will not move for 9 of them and then "jump" to the next frame. This is why C exist and is the value C. C is not a maximum velocity, it is for real photons. Two: assume time is continuous. Construct a small unit of time, a tenth of a nanosecond, (10**-10 sec.). Now fill the universe with zeros and place all behind the zero in the exponent. This is a "FLICK". What must happen in a flick. Every particle must move "properly". To do that each particle must be paired with all others in the universe and each must "fit" all the laws of nature.. That is a very little amount of time to do that and it must be done very many times per second. One may say nature does that. Take all the zeros in the exponent and copy them in place of the zero in the base, this is a "small flick". Now nature must figure out how each pair moves again, and if there are multiuniverses, how all those pairs move too. All that in LESS TIME AND MORE TIMES PER SECOND. One may still say nature can do that. Next step, double all the zeros. Inflation doubles space 100 times, we are only doubling zeros, much easier. Double 100 times, that is a "VERY SMALL FLICK. The problem is much worse, and we haven't even started doubling zeros. If one assumes nature does not use time to figure out how a particle moves then one would know the outcome of the Big Bang before it even started. The result of this logic is that particles do not see into the furture, they ONLY KNOW NOW. Bye, bye Quantum Mechanics.
The second mode of time is used time, a Tidom. A tidom is a preon which builds elementary particles. All elementary particles are built from three tidoms and only tidoms, even mass and space, all exist within Zu. Mass is a form of energy, energy is a form of time. A tidom is time, changing over a distance, momentum. Momentum is more fundamental than time or distance, one does not exist with out the other. Think of time at point P=A and T=1, it then jumps, changes to P=B at T=2 and back again to P=A at T=3; this is a tidom. It is a time cycle. The length (L) is the distance between A and B. The time passed is the difference between T=1 and 2 or 2 and 3. The time did not move between A and B, and there are no values of time between T=1 and 2 or 2 and 3. The length L is discrete, it is not subdivided. There are no values of x within L. The length was in 1 dimension and time is a property of that length. Nature is simple, tidoms are simple.
A second look at a Tidom: If a POINT does not exist, what is the next "bigger" thing that does exist. This will build the universe and every thing in it. It is a preon, that which builds all elementary particles. Start with a point, in math, (x,y,z,t) as used in Special Relativity. However we see that If two references are moving the value of time (t) is determined from the dimension in motion, which implies that if x, the property, t for y,z and x are not independent of each other. So the point we will start with is (x,y,z) with times (tx,ty and tz), or three independent times. Now we need something " bigger". If the value of x in a point is a single value, then to be bigger we need x to be a line segment, (Lx) with its own time (tx). This is a TIdom. a time degree of freedom. The tidom is the line segment with its own time. Both the line segment and time are discrete. (L,T)x. For now, Planck's length and time. We CAN NOT have one without the other. We saw that points need a line segment. Time and Length are two different properties of the same thing, of a Tidom, both are always together.
We need to start again at 3 diferent places. When Time first started, because we need to know what was here before any Big Bang (BB). When Time started at this BB, because it will help to understand first particles. What are the properties of a Tidom, because they build particles which then build systems of particles which we see. These 3 are related and thus necessary to each other, we will cover a little of each first. Hopefully ending with a followup explanation later.
Start with small t, time in both directions. At some time in the past there was no Time in Zu. There was a Zu. Now unused Time starts to accumulate. No Time is passing so this period of Time is zero, but not necessarly from its point of view. And the amount of unused Time accumulated may be very different from the amount of time (t) that passes. On the far side of this start time; using t, only Time could have existed. This cycle of unused Time starting and ending with zero unused time could have repeated may times. But none of the cycles are infinite, because if one can not get from here back an infinite time, then time from there can not get here. There is a reason for Time starting, so that Time can stop. Remember if time is the only thing in this universe and you think, than time thinks. That's as much as I can say at this time about the start of Time.
We now have unused Time accumulating in Zu. The unused Time is one of two modes of Time, the other is used Time or virbating Time, or Time that changes values. As unused Time accumulates, it reaches an amount which will change states to the other mode, used Time, or virbating Time. This creates a particle in Zu. When all the accumulated Time changes modes, the unsued accumulated amount is zero and the virbrating Time is now a particle in Zu.
The first Big Bang was very small compared to ours. At some time later all the vibrating Time will stop vibrating and all that stopped Time is now unsued Time in Zu again. It is still later, more unused Time is in Zu than at the time of the first Bang, because there was another period of unsued Time accumulating, some of the used Time was "lost" to make Time tick, but the total is more and we have a second bigger BB. The physics between the two Bangs is different. The reason is that we started with nothing, added the start of Time and the reason for doing that. If you have nothing, add Time, the only reason possibility is to stop time. To do that all vibrating Time most return as unused Time and in Zu. However that does not stop Time, it only keeps it from changing. To have no Time you need to use up both modes of Time completely. Since the first BB did not do this, the laws of physics change. The evolution of the laws is like any evolution. The laws optimize over some parameter, in this case , each or both R and C. The optimization is to have ALL amounts of Time used up at the same moment. We see a universe that keep going longer and longer as we have BB after BB, each lasting longer. while Time vibrates it uses itself up, that Time is not conserved, it's gone. The Time in our universe is all from previous unused time that accumulated. All the time our universe existed , the current time was accumulating in Zu. Thus the particles must use more time than is accumulating for it all to be used up at one moment. Real Photons are a clear and easy example of this. Now lets jump to Tidoms and start physics.