At your level, focus on tactics.
Openings won't be too important until later
For the first diagram, you can punish your opponent by playing Qh5 (this is a common idea, but will not always work). The second diagram is mainline Petrov theory. Idk what your problem is with it.
For opening, I suggest Queen's Gambit/Queen's Pawn, but I'm biased lol. As black, the Caro-Kann is a useful tool, especially since a lot of beginners will probably play into the Advance Variation and won't be able to defend their pawn center.
its hard to focus on tactics when I don't know how to learn them :?
wdym? the Petrov (second diagram) is theory, it's not a tactic. If black takes the pawn back immediately, then there is a tactic with Qe2.
you'll have to get books about the different openings in order to really learn them
I'll give the openings you put grades
Scandinavian: D, way too easy for white to punish if he plays correctly
Sicilian: A (Except it's not at the beginner level, you're never going to be able to play what you want because everyone just plays bc4 and the knights out and you're going to get bored easily in brute force chess)
London System: F, Boring and gives black equality on the second move
Queen's Gambit: C, imo kinda balanced for both sides, especially with the Ragozin and Tarrasch defenses
Caro-Kann: A, I don't play it myself but it's super solid and easy to learn
The examples of "tactics" is just openings. Which side are you having problems with?
None really, I play with black better than white. I just can't get my head wrapped around the knight+pawn stuff.
How are you supposed to play Vienna and Catalan in your repertoire when they derive from a different first move
I have no idea what to learn.
Here are my top 5 choices that I would want to learn for openings. Help me choose one for each color!
Also, I don't know what I am doing wrong. During many openings I come across some knight tactics and pawn problems.
I.E. (im black):
Gambits bruh
And (I'm white):
Something stupid like this, where there is a pawn attack from when I moved my knight, this happens in a ton of situations from a pawn in the center attacking my knight.
Help???
(for both questions)