On Defense

When castling, I think the pattern shown above is standard, but what do you think about moving the pawn to g6 and the bishop to g7 first, then castling?　(It's really hard to find chess lessons in Japan. I'd be so grateful if you could teach me anything at all.)

The king's indian is my favourite, it is really good

I also enjoy playing King's India.

Thanks! I'm learning a lot!

What wonderful chess partners I have!

Fianchettoing provides the advantage of giving your king breathing room in the long term (prevents the opponent from doing a backrank checkmate with their rook in the endgame) as well as giving your kingside position a defensive and offensive advantage. Your bishop is important here, because moving your pawn to g6 weakens the king's position, but by having the bishop there on g7, you have compensation for it. Just make sure not to close the position so that your bishop doesn't become useless. Also, you want to keep your bishop, and dont let your opponent pin your bishop with your rook. 

Thanks for including the diagram! It's very clear! If you don't mind, could you explain the last line—“Also, you want to keep your bishop, and don't let your opponent pin your bishop with your rook”—in a bit more detail?

mostly the king's Indian isn't good but its still really tricky and it' playable even at the highest level even tought its used because it gives a bad position

Mastering the King's Indian Defense is quite difficult, isn't it?

it's very theory heavy and the early h4-h5 attacks are hard to play against

yeah thar's a really good description of the kid