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The missile knows where it is at all times. It knows this because it knows where it isn't. By subtracting where it is from where it isn't, or where it isn't from where it is (whichever is greater), it obtains a difference, or deviation. The guidance subsystem uses deviations to generate corrective commands to drive the missile from a position where it is to a position where it isn't, and arriving at a position where it wasn't, it now is. Consequently, the position where it is, is now the position that it wasn't, and it follows that the position that it was, is now the position that it isn't.
In the event that the position that it is in is not the position that it wasn't, the system has acquired a variation, the variation being the difference between where the missile is, and where it wasn't. If variation is considered to be a significant factor, it too may be corrected by the GEA. However, the missile must also know where it was.
The missile guidance computer scenario works as follows. Because a variation has modified some of the information the missile has obtained, it is not sure just where it is. However, it is sure where it isn't, within reason, and it knows where it was. It now subtracts where it should be from where it wasn't, or vice-versa, and by differentiating this from the algebraic sum of where it shouldn't be, and where it was, it is able to obtain the deviation and its variation, which is called error.

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The Nonsense Generator is a whimsical and entertaining tool that generates nonsensical phrases, sentences, and even stories at the click of a button. This fun and creative content generator is perfect for sparking creativity, overcoming writer's block, or simply adding a touch of humor to your day. By creatively combining random words and phrases, the Nonsense Generator creates unique and unpredictable content that is sure to bring a smile to your face. With the Nonsense Generator, you can explore a world of wacky and surreal possibilities, letting your imagination run wild and embracing the absurdity of language. Whether you're looking for a quirky writing prompt, a playful icebreaker, or just a good laugh, the Nonsense Generator is a delightful tool that promises to surprise and delight every time you use it. Embrace the randomness and enjoy the delightful chaos that the Nonsense Generator brings to your creative pursuits! The Nonsense Generator was last updated Sep-14-2024.

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The history of the lands that became the United States began with the arrival of the first people in the Americas around 15,000 BC. Numerous indigenous cultures formed. After European colonization of North America began in the late 15th century, wars and epidemics decimated indigenous societies. Starting in 1585, the British Empire colonized the Atlantic Coast, and by the 1760s, the thirteen British colonies were established. The Southern Colonies built an agricultural system on slave labor, enslaving millions from Africa for this purpose. After defeating France, the British Parliament imposed a series of taxes, including the Stamp Act of 1765, rejecting the colonists' constitutional argument that new taxes needed their approval. Resistance to these taxes, especially the Boston Tea Party in 1773, led to Parliament issuing the Intolerable Actsdesigned to end self-government. Armed conflict began in Massachusetts in 1775.

Current territories of the United States after the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was given independence in 1994
In 1776, in Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the "United States of America". Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War in 1783. The Treaty of Paris established the borders of the new sovereign state. The Articles of Confederation, while establishing a central government, was ineffectual at providing stability. A convention wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789, and a Bill of Rights was added in 1791 to guarantee inalienable rights. Washington, the first president, and his adviser Alexander Hamiltoncreated a strong central government. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the size of the country.

Encouraged by available, inexpensive land and the notion of manifest destiny, the country expanded to the Pacific Coast. After 1830, Indian tribes were forcibly removed to the West. The resulting expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial, and fueled political and constitutional battles which were resolved by compromises. Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason–Dixon line by 1804, but it continued in southern states to support their agricultural economy. After the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860, the southern states seceded from the Union to form the pro-slavery Confederate States of America, and started the Civil War. The Confederates' defeat in 1865 led to the abolition of slavery. In the subsequent Reconstruction era, legal and voting rights were extended to freed male slaves. The national government emerged much stronger, and gained explicit duty to protect individual rights. White southern Democrats regained their political power in the South in 1877, often using paramilitary suppression of voting and Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy, as well as new state constitutions that legalized racial discrimination and prevented most African Americans from participating in public life.

The United States became the world's leading industrial power in the 20th century, due to entrepreneurship, industrialization, and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers. A national railroad network was completed, and large-scale mines and factories were established. Dissatisfaction with corruption, inefficiency, and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement, leading to reforms including the federal income tax, direct election of Senators, citizenship for many indigenous people, alcohol prohibition, and women's suffrage. Initially neutral during World War I, the United States declared war on Germany in 1917, joining the successful Allies. After the prosperous Roaring Twenties, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade-long worldwide Great Depression. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Dealprograms, including unemployment relief and social security, defined modern American liberalism.[1] Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort, helping defeat Nazi Germany and Fascist Italyin the European theater. In the Pacific War, America defeated Imperial Japan after using nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The United States and the Soviet Unionemerged as rival superpowers in the aftermath of World War II. During the Cold War, the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the arms race, the Space Race, propaganda campaigns, and proxy wars. In the 1960s, in large part due to the civil rights movement, social reforms enforced the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African Americans. In the 1980s, Ronald Reagan's presidency realigned American politics towards reductions in taxes and regulations. The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991, leaving the United States as the world's sole superpower. Foreign policy after the Cold War has often focused on many conflicts in the Middle East, especially after the September 11 attacks. In the 21st century, the country was negatively affected by the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic.

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For technical reasons, "McDonald's #1 Store Museum" redirects here. For the museum, see McDonald's No. 1 Store Museum.
McDonald's Corporation
 Golden Arches logo used since 2006
 Headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, United States
Company type
Public
Traded as
NYSE: MCD
DJIA component
S&P 100 component
S&P 500 component
ISIN
US5801351017
Industry
Fast food restaurants, real estate
Founded
May 15, 1940; 84 years ago, in San Bernardino, California, United States 
April 15, 1955; 69 years ago
(McDonald's Corporation)

Founders
Richard & Maurice McDonald
(original restaurant chain) 
Ray Kroc
(McDonald's Corporation)

Headquarters
Chicago, Illinois
, United States
Number of locations
41,822 restaurants (2023)
Area served
Worldwide (119+ countries)
Key people
Enrique Hernandez Jr. (chairman)
Chris Kempczinski (president & CEO)
Products
Burgers
chicken
french fries
soft drinks
soft serves
shakes
salads
desserts
hotcake
coffee
breakfast
wraps
Revenue
US$25.49 billion (2023)
Operating income
US$11.65 billion (2023)
Net income
US$8.469 billion (2023)
Total assets
US$56.15 billion (2023)
Total equity
−US$4.71 billion (2023)
Number of employees
c. 150,000 (2023)
Website
mcdonalds.com
corporate.mcdonalds.com
Footnotes / references
[a][1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
McDonald's Corporation, doing business as McDonald's, is an American multinational fast food chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechristened their business as a hamburger stand and later turned the company into a franchise, with the Golden Arches logo being introduced in 1953 at a location in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1955, Ray Kroc, a businessman, joined the company as a franchise agent and, in 1961, bought out the McDonald brothers. Previously headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois, it moved to nearby Chicago in June 2018.[9][10][11][12] McDonald's is also a real estate company through its ownership of around 70% of restaurant buildings and 45% of the underlying land (which it leases to its franchisees).[13][14]

McDonald's is the world's largest fast food restaurant chain,[15] serving over 69 million customers daily in over 100 countries[16] in more than 40,000 outlets as of 2021.[17][18] McDonald's is best known for its hamburgers, cheeseburgers and french fries, although their menu also includes other items like chicken, fish, fruit, and salads. Their bestselling licensed item is their french fries, followed by the Big Mac.[19] The McDonald's Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. McDonald's is the world's second-largest private employer with 1.7 million employees (behind Walmart with 2.3 million employees), the majority of whom work in the restaurant's franchises.[20][21] As of 2022, McDonald's has the sixth-highest global brand valuation.[22]

McDonald's has been subject to criticism over the health effects of its products,[23][24] its treatment of employees,[25] and its participation in various legal cases.

History
Main article: History of McDonald's
 The oldest operating McDonald's restaurant is the third one built, opened in 1953. It is located at 10207 Lakewood Blvd. at Florence Ave. in Downey, California (at 33.9471°N 118.1182°W).
Siblings Richard and Maurice McDonald opened the first McDonald's at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California on May 15, 1940. The brothers introduced the "Speedee Service System" in 1948, putting into expanded use the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant that predecessor White Castle had put into practice more than two decades earlier.[26][27] The original mascot of McDonald's was a hamburger-headed chef who was referred to as "Speedee".[28] In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the universal mascot.[29] Clown mascot Ronald McDonald was introduced in 1963 to market the chain to children.[30]

Logo from 1940 until 1948
 
Logo from 1948 until 1953
 
Logo from 1953 until 1960
On May 4, 1961, McDonald's first filed for a U.S. trademark on the name "McDonald's" with the description "Drive-In Restaurant Services," which continues to be renewed. By September 13, McDonald's, under the guidance of Ray Kroc, filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched "M" symbol. But before the double arches, McDonald's used a single arch for the architecture of their buildings. Although the "Golden Arches" logo appeared in various forms, the present version was not used until November 18, 1968, when the company was granted a U.S. trademark.

The present corporation credits its founding to franchised businessman Ray Kroc on April 15, 1955.[31][additional citation(s) needed] This was the ninth opened McDonald's restaurant overall, although this location was destroyed and rebuilt in 1984.[clarification needed] Kroc was recorded as being an aggressive business partner, driving the McDonald brothers out of the industry.[32]

Kroc and the McDonald brothers fought for control of the business, as documented in Kroc's autobiography. In 1961, he purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and began the company's worldwide reach.[33] The sale cost Kroc $2.7 million, a huge sum during that time.[32] The San Bernardino restaurant was eventually torn down in 1971, and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo chain in 1998. This area serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, and a McDonald's and Route 66 museum.[34][35] With the expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life.[36] Its prominence has made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics, and consumer responsibility.

Products
Main article: List of McDonald's products
 French fries, a soft drink, McSpicy Chicken Fillet, and tomato ketchup packet
McDonald's predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken, chicken sandwiches, French fries, soft drinks, shakes, breakfast items, and desserts. In most markets, McDonald's offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. On a seasonal basis, McDonald's offers the McRib sandwich. Some speculate the seasonality of the McRib adds to its appeal.[37] During March of each year, McDonald's offers a Shamrock Shake to honor Saint Patrick's Day.[38]

In addition, the chain also sells some items within the United States on a regional basis; for example, the Hatch Green Chile Double Cheeseburger, which is topped with New Mexico green chile, is only available in the southwestern state of New Mexico.[39][40]

Products are offered as either "dine-in" (where the customer opts to eat in the restaurant) or "take-out" (where the customer opts to take the food off the premises). "Dine-in" meals are provided on a plastic tray with a paper insert on the floor of the tray. "Take-out" meals are usually delivered with the contents enclosed in a distinctive McDonald's-branded brown paper bag. In both cases, the individual items are wrapped or boxed as appropriate.

Since Steve Easterbrook became CEO of the company in 2015, McDonald's has streamlined the menu which in the United States contained nearly 200 items. The company has looked to introduce healthier options and removed high-fructose corn syrup from hamburger buns. The company has removed artificial preservatives from Chicken McNuggets,[41] replacing chicken skin, safflower oil and citric acid found in Chicken McNuggets with pea starch, rice starch, and powdered lemon juice.[42]

In September 2018, McDonald's USA announced that they no longer use artificial preservatives, flavors and colors entirely from seven classic burgers sold in the U.S., including the hamburger, cheeseburger, double cheeseburger, McDouble, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, double Quarter Pounder with Cheese and the Big Mac.[43][44] Nevertheless, the pickles will still be made with an artificial preservative, although customers can choose to opt out of getting pickles with their burgers.[45][46]

In November 2020, McDonald's announced McPlant, a plant-based burger, along with plans to develop additional meat alternative menu items that extend to chicken substitutes and breakfast sandwiches.[47][48] This announcement came after the successful testing of Beyond Meat plant based meat substitutes. In late 2022, McDonald's announced the addition of the Double McPlant at all restaurants in the United Kingdom and Ireland starting January 4 due to the success of the McPlant.[49] In 2024, select McDonald's in the UK were testing vegan ice cream called Choco Scoop and Strawberry Scoop and receiving positive reviews.[50]

The company often introduces items temporarily or brings them back after long absences.[51][52]

International menu variations
See also: International availability of McDonald's products
 A Croque McDo from France
McDonald's Menu is customized to reflect consumer tastes in their respective countries. Restaurants in several countries, particularly in Asia, serve soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia, or Ebi (prawn) Burger in Singapore and Japan). McDonald's restaurants in China include fried buns and soybean milk on their breakfast menus.[53]

In Germany and some other Western European countries, McDonald's sells beer. In New Zealand, until 2020, McDonald's sold meat pies after local affiliate McDonald's New Zealand partially relaunched the Georgie Pie fast food chain it bought out in 1996.[54] In Greece, the signature hamburger, Big Mac, is changed by adding Tzatziki sauce and packaging in a pita.[55]

In the United States and Canada, after limited trials on a regional basis, McDonald's began offering in 2015[56] and 2017,[57] respectively, a partial breakfast menu during all hours its restaurants were open. All-day breakfast was phased out from menus at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[58]

In partnership with the Central Food Technological Research Institute in India, McDonald's has introduced millet-based buns on September 4, 2024. Three major (Pearl millet, Sorghum, and Finger millet) and two minor (Proso and Paspalum scrobiculatum) millets are used which makes up 22% of the bun. It provides more calcium, iron, and protein in addition to a small amount of complex carbs to aid in satiety more quickly.[59]

McDonald's operations in the United States
There are over 36,000 McDonald's restaurants globally. Over a third of these (14,146 restaurants) are in the United States alone. The second highest number is in Japan, with 2,975 restaurants, followed by China, with 2,700. These three countries make up the majority of global McDonald's stores.

McDonald's was forced to maintain pre-existing exterior of the house at their location in Freeport, Maine.
Types
In the United States, most standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both counter service and drive-through service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating.[60] Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or "McDrive" as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders while the customer remains in their vehicle;[60] it was first introduced in Sierra Vista, Arizona in 1975,[61] following the lead of other fast-food chains. The first such restaurant in Britain opened at Fallowfield, Manchester, in 1986.[62]

In 1994, McDonald's attempted Hearth Express, a prototype specializing in homestyle takeout meals. Among the fare offered were meatloaf, fried chicken, and baked ham. This experiment started with a single location in Darien, Illinois but closed in only one year.[63]

McDrive
In some countries, McDrive locations near highways offer no counter service or seating.[64] In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit drive-through service.[65] There are also a few locations, mostly in downtown districts, that offer a "Walk-Thru" service in place of Drive-Thru.[66]

McCafé
Main article: McCafé
McCafé is a café-style accompaniment to McDonald's restaurants. The concept was created by McDonald's Australia, starting with Melbourne in 1993.[67]

"Create Your Taste" restaurants
From 2015 to 2016, McDonald's tried a more flexible burger service and restaurant concept based on other restaurants such as Shake Shack and Grill'd. It was rolled out for the first time in Australia in early 2015 and expanded to China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Arabia, and New Zealand, with ongoing trials in the US market. In dedicated "Create Your Taste" (CYT) kiosks, customers could choose all ingredients, including the type of bun and meat, along with optional extras. CYT food was served to the table on wooden boards, fries in wire baskets, and salads in china bowls with metal cutlery at a higher price. In November 2016, Create Your Taste was replaced by a "Signature Crafted Recipes" program designed to be more efficient and less expensive.[68]

PlayPlaces
Main article: McDonald's PlayPlace
 A McDonald's in Panorama City, Los Angeles, California with a Playplace designed to promote a family-friendly image
McDonald's playgrounds are called PlayPlaces. Some McDonald's in suburban areas and certain cities feature large indoor or outdoor playgrounds. The first PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and slides was introduced in 1987 in the US, with many more being constructed soon after.[citation needed]

McDonald's Next
McDonald's Next uses open-concept design and offers "Create Your Taste" digital ordering. The concept store also offers free mobile device charging and table service after 6:00 pm. The first store opened in Hong Kong in December 2015.[69]

Other
Some locations are connected to gas stations and convenience stores,[70] while others called McExpress have limited seating or menu or may be located in a shopping mall. Other McDonald's are located in Walmart stores. McStop is a location targeted at truckers and travelers who may have services found at truck stops.[71]

In Sweden, Happy Meal boxes can be used as goggles,[72] with the game Slope Stars.[72] In the Netherlands, McDonald's has introduced McTrax that doubles as a recording studio; it reacts to touch.[72] They can create their own beats with a synth and tweak sounds with special effects.[72]

On the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany, is the world's only "McBoat," a float-through service (similar to drive-through) for people on the river.[73][74]

2006 redesign
 An American McDonald's in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, in June 2008; this is an example of the "new" look of American McDonald's restaurants.
In 2006, McDonald's introduced its "Forever Young" brand by redesigning all of its restaurants, the first significant redesign since the 1970s.[75][76] It resembles a coffee shop, with wooden tables, faux-leather chairs, and muted colors; the red was muted to terracotta, the yellow was shifted to golden for a more "sunny" look, and olive and sage green were added. The warmer look has less plastic and more brick and wood, with modern hanging lights for a softer glow. Many restaurants feature free Wi-Fi and flat-screen TVs. Other upgrades include double drive-thrus, flat roofs instead of the angled red roofs, and fiberglass instead of wood. Instead of the familiar golden arches, the restaurants feature "semi-swooshes" (half of a golden arch), similar to the Nike swoosh.[77]

Smoking ban
McDonald's began banning smoking in 1994 when it restricted customers from smoking within its 1,400 wholly owned restaurants.[78]

COVID-19 pandemic
 A curbside pickup at a McDonald's drive-thru during the COVID-19 pandemic
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, McDonald's closed most seating and all play areas in its United States restaurants.[79] It transitioned to drive-thru and curbside orders at locations and online food ordering delivery services.[80] In July 2020, for the year's second quarter, McDonald's reported earnings of 66 cents per share. Compared to the same period of last year, it represented a fall of 68%.[81]

2023 redesign and new concept
Main article: CosMc's
In July 2023, the company announced it was working towards a new fast-food brand called CosMc's that would be tested at ten sites. The first location was opened in December 2023 in Bolingbrook, Illinois, and the company is working to open nine restaurants in Texas by the end of 2024 as a test. The outlets will have a smaller real-estate footprint than regular McDonald's restaurants and are focused on selling coffee and other drinks to afternoon customers.[82]

The name for the new brand comes from CosMc, a McDonaldland mascot that appeared in advertisements in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[83][84][85]

McDonald's employee relations in the United States
 A kiosk for placing orders at the Denton House McDonald's in New Hyde Park on Long Island, New York
See also: McDonald's and unions
Automation
Since the late 1990s, McDonald's has attempted to replace employees with electronic kiosks that would perform actions such as taking orders and accepting money. In 1999, McDonald's first tested "E-Clerks" in suburban Chicago, Illinois, and Wyoming, Michigan, with the devices being able to "save money on live staffers" and attracting larger purchase amounts than average employees.[86]

In 2013, the University of Oxford estimated that in the succeeding decades, there was a 92% probability of food preparation and serving becoming automated in fast food establishments.[87] By 2016, McDonald's "Create Your Taste" electronic kiosks were seen in some restaurants internationally where customers could custom order meals. As employees pushed for higher wages in the late 2010s, some believed that fast food companies such as McDonald's would use the devices to cut costs for employing individuals.[88]

In 2017, McDonald's launched an app in the United States that allows customers to skip the ordering line inside or drive through and order online. Many McDonald's locations have special parking spaces for such orders.[89]

In September 2019, McDonald's purchased an AI-based start-up, Apprente, to replace human servers with voice-based technology in its US drive-throughs.[90]

In early 2023, McDonald's opened its first largely automated restaurant in Fort Worth, Texas. The restaurant in question would de-emphasize human contact when ordering, with employees available if there were problems but who would otherwise be absent from the ordering process (along with others working in the kitchen or other back-of-the-house roles). There was no seating in this restaurant.[91][92]

Wages
On August 5, 2013, The Guardian revealed that 90 percent of McDonald's UK workforce are on zero-hour contracts, making it possibly the largest such private sector employer in the country.[93] In April 2017, due to employee strikes, they gave all employees the option of fixed contracts instead.[94] A study released by Fast Food Forward conducted by Anzalone Liszt Grove Research showed that approximately 84 percent of all fast food employees working in New York City in April 2013 had been paid less than their legal wages by their employers.[95] From 2007 to 2011, fast food workers in the U.S. drew an average of $7firstbillion of public assistance annually resulting from receiving low wages.[96] The McResource website advised employees to break their food into smaller pieces to feel fuller, seek refunds for unopened holiday purchases, sell possessions online for quick cash, and "quit complaining" as "stress hormone levels rise by 15 percent after ten minutes of complaining."[97] In December 2013, McDonald's shut down the McResource website amidst negative publicity and criticism. McDonald's plans to continue an internal telephone help line through which its employees can obtain advice on work and life problems.[98] The Roosevelt Institute, a liberal think tank, accuses some McDonald's restaurants of actually paying less than the minimum wage to entry positions due to "rampant" wage theft.[99] In South Korea, McDonald's pays part-time employees $5.50 an hour and is accused of paying less with arbitrary schedule adjustments and pay delays.[100] In late 2015, data collected anonymously by Glassdoor suggests that McDonald's in the United States pays entry-level employees between $7.25 an hour and $11 an hour, with an average of $8.69 an hour. Shift managers get paid an average of $10.34 an hour. Assistant managers get paid an average of $11.57 an hour.[101] McDonald's former CEO, Steve Easterbrook, earned an annual salary of $1,100,000.[102] His total compensation for 2017 was $21,761,052.[103]

Strikes
See also: Fast food worker strikes
 Fast food workers on strike outside of a McDonald's in St. Paul, Minnesota
McDonald's workers have occasionally decided to strike over pay levels, with most of the employees on strike seeking to be paid $15.00.[104] When interviewed about the strikes occurring, former McDonald's CEO Ed Rensi stated: "It's cheaper to buy a $35,000 robotic arm than it is to hire an employee who's inefficient making $15 an hour bagging french fries" with Rensi explaining that increasing employee wages could negatively affect entry-level job hiring.[105] However, according to Easterbrook, increasing wages and benefits for workers saw a 6% increase in customer satisfaction when comparing 2015's first quarter data to the first quarter of 2016, with greater returns seen as a result.[105] In September 2017, two British McDonald's stores agreed to a strike over zero-hours contracts for staff. Picket lines were formed around the two stores in Crayford and Cambridge. The strike was supported by then Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.[106][107]

Occupation
Workers at the McDonald's franchise at Saint-Barthélémy, Marseille, occupied the restaurant in protest against its planned closure. Employing 77 people, the restaurant is the second-biggest private sector employer in Saint-Barthélémy, which has an unemployment rate of 30 percent.[108] Lawyers for Kamel Guemari, a shop steward at the franchise, claimed an attempt was made to kill him when a car drove at him in the restaurant car park.[109][110]

Working conditions
In March 2015, McDonald's workers in 19 U.S. cities filed 28 health and safety complaints with the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which allege that low staffing, lack of protective gear, poor training, and pressure to work fast resulted in injuries. The complaints allege that, because of a lack of first aid supplies, workers were told by management to treat burn injuries with condiments such as mayonnaise and mustard.[111] The Fight for $15 labor organization aided the workers in filing the complaints.[112]

Animal welfare standards
Throughout 2014, the Facebook page for McDonald's Australia was inundated with posts about McDonald's use of caged eggs. For 87 consecutive days during mid-2014, the most common theme on the McDonald's Facebook wall was concern for hens. By September 2014, McDonald's heeded the criticism and declared they would strive to eliminate caged eggs by 2017.[113] By January 2018, McDonald's accounced they had succeeded in meeting their goal.[114]

In 2015, McDonald's pledged to stop using eggs from battery cage facilities by 2025 for all American restaurants. McDonald's met their goal nearly two years ahead of schedule, announcing the successful elimination of caged eggs in February 2024.[115]

Since McDonald's purchases over 2 billion eggs per year or 4 percent of eggs produced in the United States, the switch is expected to have a major impact on the egg industry. It is part of a general trend toward cage-free eggs driven by consumer concern over the harsh living conditions of hens.[116][117] The aviary systems from which the new eggs will be sourced are troubled by much higher mortality rates, as well as introducing environmental and worker safety problems.[118] The high hen mortality rate, which is more than double that of battery cage systems, will require new research to mitigate. The facilities have higher ammonia levels because feces are kicked into the air. Producers raised concerns about the production cost, which is expected to increase by 36 percent.[119]

McDonald's continues to source pork from facilities that use gestation crates, and in 2012 pledged to phase them out.[120][121][needs update]

Corporate overview
Facts and figures
 
Corporate logo used from 1960 until November 18, 1968
 
Corporate logo used from November 18, 1968, until 2003
 
Corporate logo used from 1993 to 2010
 Corporate logo on red background with the wordmark, used in the 1990s and 2000s
 By 1993, McDonald's had sold more than 100 billion hamburgers, causing two-digit signs to be left at "99 billion".[122]
McDonald's restaurants are in 120 countries and territories and serve 68 million customers daily.[123][124] There are 37,855 restaurants worldwide, employing more than 210,000 people as of the end of 2018.[17][18][123] There are a total of 2,770 company-owned locations and 35,085 franchised locations, which includes 21,685 locations franchised to conventional franchisees, 7,225 locations licensed to developmental licensees, and 6,175 locations licensed to foreign affiliates.[17][18]

Focusing on its core brand, McDonald's began divesting itself of other chains it had acquired during the 1990s. The company owned a majority stake in Chipotle Mexican Grill until October 2006, when McDonald's fully divested from Chipotle through a stock exchange.[125][126] Until December 2003, it owned Donatos Pizza, and it owned a small share of Aroma Café, from 1999 to 2001. On August 27, 2007, McDonald's sold Boston Market to Sun Capital Partners.[127]

McDonald's has increased shareholder dividends for 25 consecutive years,[128] making it one of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats.[129] The company is ranked 131st on the Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue.[130] In October 2012, its monthly sales fell for the first time in nine years.[131] In 2014, its quarterly sales fell for the first time in seventeen years, when its sales dropped for the entirety of 1997.[132]

In the United States, it is reported that drive-throughs account for 70 percent of sales.[133][134] McDonald's closed down 184 restaurants in the United States in 2015, which was 59 more than what they planned to open.[135][136] This move was the first time McDonald's had a net decrease in the number of locations in the United States since 1970.[136]

The McDonald's on-demand delivery concept, which began in 2017 with a partnership with Uber Eats and added DoorDash in 2019 (with select locations adding Grubhub in 2021), accounts for up to 3% of all business as of 2019.[137]

The $100 billion in sales generated by McDonald's company-owned and franchise restaurants in 2019 accounts for almost 4% of the estimated $2.5 trillion global restaurant industry.[138]

Business trends
The key trends for the McDonald's Corp. are (as of the financial year ending December 31):[139][140]

Year
Revenue
in billion US$
Net income
in billion US$
Total assets
in billion US$
Locations
[141]
Employees
(k)[142][143]
Ref.
2005
19.1
2.6
29.9
 
447
[144]
2006
20.8
3.5
28.9
31,046
465
[144]
2007
22.7
2.3
29.3
31,377
390
[144]
2008
23.5
4.3
28.4
31,967
400
[145]
2009
22.7
4.5
30.2
32,478
385
[146]
2010
24.0
4.9
31.9
32,737
400
[147]
2011
27.0
5.5
32.9
33,510
420
[148]
2012
27.5
5.4
35.3
34,480
440
[149]
2013
28.1
5.5
36.6
35,429
440
[150]
2014
27.4
4.7
34.2
36,258
420
[151]
2015
25.4
4.5
37.9
36,525
420
[152]
2016
24.6
4.6
31.0
36,899
375
[153]
2017
22.8
5.1
33.8
37,241
235
[154]
2018
21.0
5.9
32.8
37,855
210
[155]
2019
21.0
6.0
47.5
38,695
205
[156]
2020
19.2
4.7
52.6
39,198
200
[157]
2021
23.2
7.5
53.6
40,031
200
[158][5]
2022
23.1
6.1
50.4
40,275
150
[159]
2023
25.4
8.4
56.1
41,822
150
 
Business model
 Ray Kroc joined the chain in 1954 and built it into a global franchise, making it the most successful fast food corporation in the world.
The company owns all the land on which its restaurants are situated, which is valued at an estimated $16 to $18 billion.[citation needed] The company earns a significant portion of its revenue from rental payments from franchisees. These rent payments rose 26 percent between 2010 and 2015, accounting for one-fifth of the company's total revenue at the end of the period.[160] In recent times, there have been calls to spin off the company's U.S. holdings into a potential real estate investment trust, but the company announced at its investor conference on November 10, 2015, that this would not happen. CEO Steve Easterbrook discussed that pursuing the REIT option would pose too large a risk to the company's business model.[161]

The United Kingdom and Ireland business model differs from the U.S. in that fewer than 30 percent of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the company's ownership. McDonald's trains its franchisees and management at Hamburger University at its Chicago headquarters.[162][163] In other countries, McDonald's restaurants are operated by joint ventures of McDonald's Corporation and other, local entities or governments.[164]

According to Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser (2001), nearly one in eight workers in the U.S. have at some time been employed by McDonald's. Employees are encouraged by McDonald's Corp. to maintain their health by singing along to their favorite songs to relieve stress, attending church services to have a lower blood pressure, and taking two vacations annually to reduce the risk for myocardial infarction.[165] Fast Food Nation states that McDonald's is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of beef, pork, potatoes, and apples. The selection of meats McDonald's uses varies to some extent based on the host country's culture.[166]

In 2021, the company cut value meals and cheaper items from its menu as part of a focus on higher-priced items.[167][168][169]

Headquarters
On June 13, 2016, McDonald's confirmed plans to move its global headquarters to Chicago's West Loop neighborhood in the Near West Side. The 608,000-square-foot structure opened on June 4, 2018, and was built on the former site of Harpo Productions (where The Oprah Winfrey Show and several other Harpo productions taped).[9][10]

The McDonald's former headquarters complex, McDonald's Plaza, is in Oak Brook, Illinois. It sits on the site of the former headquarters and stabling area of Paul Butler, the founder of Oak Brook.[170] McDonald's moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop in 1971.[171]

Board of directors
As of February 2021, the board of directors had the following members:[172]

Enrique Hernandez Jr., non-executive chairman; president and CEO of Inter-Con Security
Lloyd H. Dean, president and CEO of Dignity Health
Chris Kempczinski, president and CEO of McDonald's
Robert A. Eckert, operating partner of Friedman Fleischer & Lowe
Margo Georgiadis, CEO of Ancestry.com
Richard H. Lenny, non-executive chairman of Conagra Brands
John J. Mulligan, executive vice president and COO of Target Corporation
Sheila A. Penrose, non-executive chairman of Jones Lang LaSalle
John W. Rogers Jr., chairman and CEO of Ariel Investments
Miles D. White, chairman and CEO of Abbott Laboratories
Andrew J. McKenna, chairman emeritus. Also, the chairman emeritus of Schwarz Supply Source
Catherine M. Engelbert, commissioner of the Women's National Basketball Association
Paul S. Walsh, executive chairman of McLaren Group
On March 1, 2015, after being chief brand officer of McDonald's and its former head in the UK and northern Europe, Steve Easterbrook became CEO, succeeding Don Thompson, who stepped down on January 28, 2015.[citation needed]

In November 2019, McDonald's board of directors voted to remove Easterbrook as CEO since he had violated corporate policies on personal conduct by entering into a relationship with a company employee.[173] He was replaced as CEO by Chris Kempczinski, who had been president of McDonald's USA.[174]

In August 2022, McDonald's announced significant changes to its board. It said that existing director Sheila Penrose, chair of JLL Inc., would retire and that Anthony Capuano, CEO of Marriott International, executive vice president and worldwide chairman of pharmaceuticals Jennifer Taubert of Johnson & Johnson, and Amy Weaver president and CFO of Salesforce would join. The changes were unrelated to an effort by activist investor Carl Icahn.[175][176][177]

Ownership
The ten largest shareholders of McDonald's on December 30, 2023, were:[178]

Shareholder name
Percentage
The Vanguard Group
9.56%
BlackRock
7.19%
State Street Corporation
4.82%
JP Morgan Chase
2.28%
Geode Capital Management
2.05%
Bank of America
1.96%
Morgan Stanley
1.86%
Wellington Management Company
1.63%
Norges Bank
1.25%
Northern Trust
1.23%
Others
66.17%

Global operations
See also: List of countries with McDonald's restaurants and International availability of McDonald's products
 Countries with McDonald's restaurants, showing their first year with its first restaurant
McDonald's has become emblematic of globalization, sometimes referred to as the "McDonaldization" of society. The Economist newspaper uses the "Big Mac Index": the comparison of the cost of a Big Mac in various world currencies can be used to informally judge these currencies' purchasing power parity. Switzerland has the most expensive Big Mac in the world as of July 2015, while the country with the least expensive Big Mac is India[179][180] (albeit for a Maharaja Mac—the next cheapest Big Mac is Hong Kong).[181] The northernmost McDonald's restaurant in the world is located in Rovaniemi, Finland (after the restaurant in Murmansk, Russia was closed in 2022),[182] however from January 2024 this will change again as McDonald's is opening a new restaurant in Tromsø, Norway.[183] And the southernmost in the world is located in Invercargill, New Zealand.[184][non-primary source needed]

Thomas Friedman said that no country with a McDonald's had gone to war with another;[185][186] however, the "Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention" is incorrect. Exceptions are the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, NATO's bombing of Serbia in 1999, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 2008 South Ossetia war—McDonald's suspended operations in its corporate-owned stores in Crimea after Russia annexed the region in 2014.[187] On August 20, 2014, as tensions between the United States and Russia strained over the Russian annexation of Crimea, and the resultant U.S. sanctions, the Russian government temporarily shut down four McDonald's outlets in Moscow, citing sanitary concerns. The company has operated in Russia since 1990 and, in August 2014, had 438 stores across the country.[188] On August 23, 2014, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich ruled out any government move to ban McDonald's and dismissed the notion that the temporary closures had anything to do with the sanctions.[189]

Some observers have suggested that the company should be given credit for increasing the service standard in markets it enters. A group of anthropologists in a study entitled Golden Arches East[190] looked at McDonald's impact on East Asia and Hong Kong, particularly. When it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, McDonald's was the first restaurant to consistently offer clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other restaurants and institutions. McDonald's has partnered with Sinopec, the second largest oil company in the People's Republic of China, as it takes advantage of the country's growing use of personal vehicles by opening numerous drive-thru restaurants.[191]

In Beijing, China, McDonald's restaurants are state-owned enterprises operating according to franchise agreements.[192] Beijing Capital Agricultural Group owns these franchises.[192]

McDonald's has opened a McDonald's restaurant and McCafé on the underground premises of the French fine arts museum, The Louvre.[193]

The company stated it would open vegetarian-only restaurants in India by mid-2013.[194][needs update]

On January 9, 2017, 80% of the franchise rights in mainland China and Hong Kong were sold for US$2.08 billion to a consortium of CITIC Limited (for 32%). Private equity funds managed by CITIC Capital (for 20%) and Carlyle (for 20%), which CITIC Limited and CITIC Capital would form a joint venture to own the stake.[195]

On March 8, 2022, McDonald's temporarily closed their 850 locations in Russia due to the invasion of Ukraine, but will continue to pay the salary for 62,000 employees. Approximately nine percent of global revenue and three percent of operating profit come from Russia and 100 locations in Ukraine.[196][197][198]

On May 16, 2022, McDonald's announced that the closures would become permanent and that it was selling all its 850 stores in Russia. Furthermore, 32 years after McDonald's entered the Soviet market, the American giant wants its current business to be "de-Arched," the company plans to retain its trademarks in Russia, meaning the locations would no longer be allowed to use the McDonald's name, logo, or menu. McDonald's also said it would continue to pay its Russian employees until the sale is finalized. The company has more than 60,000 Russian employees.[199][200][201]

On June 10, 2022, a Russian McDonald's buyer announced a new logo as an attempt at rebranding. It featured one circle and two lines representing a burger and two french fries.[202] The business was rebranded as Vkusno i tochka, which roughly translates to "Tasty – Period."[203][204][205]

McDonald's will reopen its stores in Ukraine after closing them in February in non-contested areas like Kyiv and Western Ukraine. During the closure, McDonald's continued paying its employees, numbering some 10,000. Before the conflict, Ukraine had approximately 109 restaurants; it is unclear how many will reopen.[206]

On November 11, 2022, McDonald's in Belarus announced that all 25 stores in 6 cities would rebrand and operate as Vkusno i tochka "in several weeks."[207]

In Kazakhstan, McDonald's suspended operations in November 2022 due to the impossibility of supplying minced meat from Russia. The franchise was transferred to Food Solutions KZ, after which the restaurants first changed their name to "We are open" (Біз ашықпыз); in August 2023, they were renamed in honor of the best employees, and in November 2023 the final rebranding was carried out. The network is now called I'M, with a heart sign used instead of a dot over the I.[208]

McDonald's restaurants
 
Orlando, Florida, United States

Markham, Ontario, Canada

Pop-up restaurant at the Olympic Park in London, United Kingdom

São Paulo, Brazil

Abasto Shopping, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Lugano, Switzerland

Tallinn, Estonia

Sargodha, Pakistan

Tampere, Finland

Paris, France

Dubai, UAE

Kosher-McDonald's in Ashkelon, Israel

Busan, South Korea

Tokyo, Japan

Nanjing, China

SM Mall of Asia, Pasay, Philippines

Porto, Portugal

Vilnius, Lithuania

Sydney
Marketing and advertising
Main article: McDonald's advertising
McDonald's has maintained an extensive advertising campaign for decades. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage. Also, it sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games.[209] Television has been central to the company's advertising strategy.[210] To date, McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions.[211]

Children's advertising
Main articles: Ronald McDonald and McDonaldland
Celebrity endorsements
In 1992, basketball player Michael Jordan became the first celebrity to have a McDonald's value meal named after him. The "McJordan," a Quarter Pounder with pickles, raw onion slices, bacon, and barbecue sauce, was available at Chicago franchises.[212]

In March 2014, a unique "Sprite 6 Mix by LeBron James" flavor of Sprite featuring the flavors of lemon-lime, orange, and cherry debuted just before the NBA playoffs.[213] James' endorsement of Sprite has also included the seasonal "cranberry" and "winter-spiced cranberry" editions of the beverage. James' deal with Coca-Cola and Sprite ended in 2020, with a new partnership with Pepsi and Mountain Dew launching in 2021.[214]

In September 2020, McDonald's partnered with rapper Travis Scott to release the "Travis Scott Meal," a Quarter Pounder with cheese, bacon, lettuce, pickles, ketchup, and mustard; medium fries with barbecue sauce; and a Sprite, nationwide. Scott designed new uniforms for McDonald's employees and released Cactus Jack merchandise using vintage visuals from the fast food chain's history.[215] The company followed up with the "J Balvin Meal", a Big Mac with no pickles; fries with ketchup; and an Oreo McFlurry, in a partnership with reggaeton singer J Balvin.[216] LeBron James was a spokesman for McDonald's from 2003 to 2017[217] while co-endorsing Coca-Cola-Sprite since early in his career.[218]

In 2021, McDonald's partnered with Korean boy group BTS to release the "BTS Meal" in 50 countries around the world, starting on May 26 in select countries. The meal consists of a 10-piece Chicken McNuggets, medium fries, medium Coke, and for the first time in the United States, two spicy dipping sauces: Sweet Chili and Cajun.[219]

Space exploration
McDonald's and NASA explored an advertising agreement for a planned mission to the asteroid 449 Hamburga; however, the spacecraft was eventually canceled.[220]

Sponsorship in NASCAR
 
The McDonald's-sponsored car of Jamie McMurray in 2016
 
Bubba Wallace in a McDonald's-sponsored racing suit in 2022
McDonald's entered the NASCAR Cup Series in 1977, sponsoring Richard Childress for one race. Between the years 1977 and 1986, McDonald's would only sponsor a handful of races in a season. In 1993, McDonald's became the full-time sponsor for the No. 27 Junior Johnson & Associates Ford, driven by Hut Stricklin.[221] In 1994, Stricklin was replaced in the car by Jimmy Spencer, who would go on to win twice that season. The following season McDonald's would move over to the No. 94 Bill Elliott Racing Ford, driven by team-owner Bill Elliott.[222] McDonald's stayed with Elliott until the 2001 season when they moved again, this time to the No. 96 PPI Motorsports Ford, driven by rookie Andy Houston. However, when the team failed to field a car for the entire season, McDonald's became absent from NASCAR until 2004, when it joined Evernham Motorsports as a part-time sponsor for drivers Elliott, Kasey Kahne, Elliott Sadler, A. J. Allmendinger, and Reed Sorenson until 2010.[221]

During the 2010 season, McDonald's would enter its longest partnership with a team at Chip Ganassi Racing, sponsoring the No. 1 Chevrolet driven by Jamie McMurray until his final race in the 2019 Daytona 500.[223][224] McDonald's moved to CGR's No. 42 of Kyle Larson, whom the company sponsored until his suspension in 2020,[225] and also had a one-race partnership with Richard Petty Motorsports' No. 43 Chevrolet driven by Bubba Wallace in 2019 and 2020.[226][227] McDonald's continued working with the No. 42 under new driver Ross Chastain in 2021 and also joined Wallace's new team 23XI Racing as a "founding partner".[228][229]

Sports awards and honors
McDonald's is the title sponsor of the McDonald's All-American Game, an all-star basketball game played each year for the top-ranked amateur boys' and girls' high school basketball graduates in America.

Charity
See also: Ronald McDonald House Charities
McHappy Day
 A Ronald McDonald House collection box in Framingham, Massachusetts
McHappy Day is an annual event at McDonald's, during which a percentage of the day's sales go to charity. It is the signature fundraising event for Ronald McDonald House Charities.[230]

In 2007, it was celebrated in 17 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, England, Finland, France, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, and Uruguay.

According to the Australian McHappy Day website, McHappy Day raised $20.4 million in 2009. The goal for 2010 was $20.8firstmillion.[231]

McDonald's Monopoly donation
In 1995, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received an anonymous letter postmarked in Dallas, Texas, containing a $1 million winning McDonald's Monopoly game piece. McDonald's officials came to the hospital, accompanied by a representative from the accounting firm Arthur Andersen, who examined the card under a jeweler's eyepiece, handled it with plastic gloves, and verified it as a winner.[232] Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, McDonald's waived the rule. They made the annual $50,000 annuity payments for the entire 20-year period through 2014, even after learning that the piece was sent by an individual involved in an embezzlement scheme intended to defraud McDonald's.

McRefugee
See also: McRefugee
McRefugees are poor people in Hong Kong, Japan, and China who use McDonald's 24-hour restaurants as a temporary hostel.[233]

Criticism
Main article: Criticism of McDonald's
McDonald's has been criticized for numerous aspects of its business, including its products' health effects, employees' treatment, and other business practices. In the late 1980s, Phil Sokolof, a millionaire businessman who had suffered a heart attack at the age of 43, took out full-page newspaper ads in New York, Chicago, and other large cities accusing McDonald's menu of being a threat to American health and asking them to stop using beef tallow to cook their french fries.[234]

In 1990, activists from a small group known as London Greenpeace (no connection to the international group Greenpeace) distributed leaflets entitled What's wrong with McDonald's?, criticizing its environmental, health, and labor record. The corporation wrote to the group demanding they desist and apologize, and, when two of the activists refused to back down, sued them for libel leading to the "McLibel case," one of the longest cases in English civil law. A documentary film of the McLibel Trial has been shown in several countries.[235]

In 2001, Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation included criticism of the business practices of McDonald's, particularly concerning its use of political influence and targeting advertisements to children.[236] In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely Hindu and Buddhist, successfully sued McDonald's for misrepresenting its french fries as vegetarian, when they contained beef broth.[237]

Critical terms such as "McJob" and "McMansion" have been added to dictionaries.[238][239][240]

Morgan Spurlock's 2004 documentary film Super Size Me claimed that McDonald's food was contributing to the increase of obesity in society and that the company was failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customers. Six weeks after the film premiered, McDonald's announced that it was eliminating the super size option and was creating the adult Happy Meal.

Litterstudies have found McDonald's is one of the most littered brands worldwide. In 2012, a Keep Australia Beautiful study found that McDonald's was the most littered brand in Queensland.[241][242]

In response to public pressure, McDonald's has sought to include more healthy choices in its menu, announcing in May 2008 that, in the United States and Canada, it has switched to using cooking oil that contains no trans fats for its french fries, and canola-based oil with corn and soy oils, for its baked items, pies, and cookies, by the end of 2018.[243] The company introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: "Not bad for a McJob."[244]

Pro-Palestinian protest in Ottawa, Canada, 23 November 2023
Since McDonald's began receiving criticism for its environmental practices in the 1970s, it has significantly reduced its use of materials.[245]

Amidst the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, as the Israeli blockade restricted supplies to Gaza, McDonald's in Israel faced condemnation for providing free meals to the Israel Defense Forces, who were accused of engaging in war crimes against Palestinians.[246][247][248][249] The hashtag #BoycottMcDonalds gained worldwide traction on social media.[250] There were also large gathering outside restaurants in Lebanon and Egypt protesting the move. McDonald's in other countries, like Turkey and Pakistan, distanced themselves from the Israeli brand.[251][252] In April 2024, according to Arutz Sheva that the global McDonald's corporation is seeking to acquire all of the chain's branches in Israel from the local franchisee.[253]

In January 2024, McDonald's CEO Chris Kempczinski acknowledged the public outcry, stating, "Several markets in the Middle East and some outside the region are experiencing a meaningful business impact due to the war and associated misinformation that is affecting brands like McDonald's."[254]

Legal cases
Main article: McDonald's legal cases
McDonald's has been involved in several lawsuits and other legal cases, most involving trademark disputes. The company has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless it drops the 'Mc' or 'Mac' from trading names.

European Union
In April 2017, Irish fast-food chain Supermac's submitted a request to the European Union Property Office to cancel McDonald's owned trademarks within the European Union, claiming that McDonald's engaged in "trademark bullying; registering brand names... which are simply stored away in a war chest to use against future competitors", after the trademarks had prevented Supermac's from expanding out of Ireland. The EUIPO ruled in Supermac's favor, finding that McDonald's "has not proven genuine use" of many trademarks, canceling McDonald's owned trademarks such as "Big Mac" and specific "Mc"-related trademarks within the European Union.[255][256][257]

Burger King responded by "trolling" McDonald's by giving their burgers names that included the words "Big Mac" that also mocked the original burger, which included "Like a Big Mac But Juicier," "Like a Big Mac, But Actually Big" and "Big Mac-ish But Flame-Grilled of Course."[258]

In 2023, the EUIPO Board of Appeal partially annulled their decision after McDonald's filed 700 pages of additional evidence despite objections.[259] However, on further appeal to the European Court of Justice, the court ruled in 2024 that McDonald's had failed to prove the use of the Big Mac trademark in relation to chicken products or services associated with operating restaurants, meaning Supermac's and other businesses are now free to use the "Mac" in their business names and in names for poultry products in Europe. McDonald's retains the Big Mac trademark solely for its beef burgers.[260][261][262]

The McDonald's group has had proceedings taken against it by the French Tax Authorities, with possible charges of criminal tax fraud. In July 2022, the group reached an agreement with the French judicial authorities to end criminal proceedings for tax fraud.[263]

Malaysia
On September 8, 2009, McDonald's Malaysian operations lost a lawsuit to prevent another restaurant from calling itself McCurry. McDonald's lost in an appeal to Malaysia's highest court, the Federal Court.[264] On December 29, 2016, McDonald's Malaysia issued a statement that said only certified halal cakes are allowed inside its restaurants nationwide.[265]

Australia
In April 2007, in Perth, Western Australia, McDonald's pleaded guilty to five charges relating to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and was fined A$8,000.[266]

United Kingdom
The longest-running legal action of all time in the UK was the McLibel case against two defendants who criticized several aspects of the company. The trial lasted ten years and called 130 witnesses. The European Court of Human Rights deemed that the unequal resources of the litigants breached the defendants' rights to freedom of speech and biased the trial. The result was widely seen as a "PR disaster" for McDonald's.[267]

In the end of November 2013, controversy arose after the Rucka Rucka Ali song "Only 17", a parody of "Just a Dream" by Nelly, was accidentally played uncensored over the speakers at a McDonald's restaurant in Wales.[268][269] Subsequently, McDonald's issued an apology to the offended customers.[270] That same week, Rucka Rucka Ali responded to the controversy on his YouTube channel by jokingly demanding a personal apology from the restaurant.[271]

In 2021, it emerged that at least 50 employees had filed charges against the chains regarding harassment in the workplace in five years, leading to the company instituting anti-harassment training. Some of the complainants also stated that they were verbally and physically harassed in retaliation for their complaints.[272] In 2023, the BBC conducted an investigation, and reported that more than 100 current and recent UK workers at outlets of the fast-food chain allege there is a continuing toxic culture of sexual assault, harassment, racism and bullying.[273]

United States
The 1994 court case Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants examined a McDonald's practice of serving coffee so hot that when spilled, it caused third degree burns requiring weeks of hospitalization and skin grafting surgery.[274][275] The trial outcome was an award of $2.86 million (equivalent to $5.33 million in 2023)[276] for the plaintiff, 81-year old Stella Liebeck.[274][275] The amount was later reduced to $640,000 (equivalent to $1.2 million in 2023). In 2019, a McDonald's employee, Jenna Ries, sued the restaurant chain over allowing sexual harassment in the workplace and described the working environment as "toxic."[277]

In 2023, an investigation by the United States Department of Labor found child labor violations at McDonald's franchises in the state of Kentucky, which involved over 300 children, two of them 10-year-olds. A total of $212,000 was levied against three franchises for the violations.[278] Further investigations uncovered child labor violations involving 83 minors at 16 different locations in Louisiana and Texas, with imposed fines amounting to $77,572.[279]

McDonald's has been criticized for shrinkflation, colloquially dubbed "McFlation," with increases in menu prices far exceeding inflation.[280][281][282][283]

As of 2024, Israeli–Palestinian conflict, McDonald's has experienced a decline in profits due to a global boycott. The boycott started after McDonald's Israel pledged to donate meals to the soldiers of Israel Defense Forces. As a result of the BDS movement, McDonald's bought all 225 Israel owned franchise restaurants.[284][285]

Avatar of imbad12356

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was an armed conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.

American Revolutionary War
Part of the American Revolution
 
 
 
 
 
Clockwise from top left: Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the siege of Yorktown, Battle of Trenton, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Long Island, and the Battle of Guilford Court House
Date
April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783[i]
(8 years, 4 months and 15 days)
Ratification effective: May 12, 1784
Location
Eastern North America, North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean
Result
American and allied victory

Signing of the United States Declaration of Independencein 1776.
Great Britain would not recognize American independence until signing the Treaty of Paris.
End of the First British Empire[12]
Territorial
changes
Great Britain cedes generally, all mainland territories east of the Mississippi River, south of the Great Lakes, and north of the Floridas to the United States.

Great Britain cedes Tobagoand Senegal to France.
Great Britain cedes Menorca, West Florida and East Floridato Spain.
Belligerents
Patriots:
Thirteen Colonies(1775)
United Colonies(1775–1776)
United States(from 1776)[a]List

France
Spain
Dutch Republic
Great Britain

Loyalists
Quebec
Nova Scotia
West Florida
East Florida
Combatants

Br. Canadien, Cong. rgts.[b]
Br. Canadien mil., Fr. led[c]
Native Americans[5]
Combatants
 [e] [f] German mercenaries/auxiliaries[9][g]
Native Americans[5]
Commanders and leaders
Peyton Randolph #
John Hancock
Benjamin Franklin
 
George Washington
Horatio Gates
Nathanael Greene
Henry Knox
John Sullivan
Benedict Arnold [j]
George Rogers Clark
Lafayette
Rochambeau
Bernardo de Gálvez
full list...
George III
Lord North
Lord Shelburne
 
Lord George Germain
Thomas Gage
William Howe
Henry Clinton
John Burgoyne
Charles Cornwallis
Benedict Arnold[k]
Henry Hamilton
Banastre Tarleton
full list...
Strength
United States:Army and militia:40,000 (average)[13][l]
Navy:53 frigates and sloops[15][m]
Marines: 2,131 (peak)[17]
State navies:106 ships (total)[18]
France:Army: 10,800[n]
Navy: 2 fleets;[o]escorts[24]
Spain:
Army: 12,000[p]
Navy: 1 fleet;[q] escorts
Native Americans:Unknown
Great Britain:Army:48,000, most in North America[r]
Navy:Task-force fleets & blockading squadrons[s]
Loyalist troops:25,000 (total)[31][t]
German troops:29,875 (total)[32]
Native Americans:13,000[33]
Casualties and losses
United States:178,800–223,800 total dead
6,800 killed
6,100 wounded
17,000 dead from disease[34]
25,000–70,000 war dead[35]
130,000 dead from smallpox[36]
France:2,112 killed– East Coast[37][u]
Spain:371 killed – W. Florida[39]
4,000 dead – prisoners[40]
Native Americans:Unknown
Great Britain:8,500 killed[41][v]
Germans:7,774 total dead
1,800 killed
4,888 deserted[13]
Loyalists:7,000 total dead
1,700 killed
5,300 dead from disease[42]
Native Americans500 total dead[36]
 
During the war, North American Patriot forces had the support of France, Spain and the Dutch Republic, while the British and Loyalistforces hired Hessian soldiers from Germany for assistance. The conflict was fought in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean. The war ended with the Treaty of Parisin 1783, which resulted in Great Britainultimately recognizing the independence and sovereignty of the United States.

The American colonies were established by royal charter in the 17th and 18th centuries. After the British Empire gained dominance in North America with victory over the French in the Seven Years' War in 1763, tensions and disputes arose between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies over a variety of issues, including the Stamp and Townshend Acts. The resulting British military occupation led to the Boston Massacre in 1770, which strengthened North American Patriots' desire for independence from Great Britain. Among further tensions, the British Parliament imposed the Intolerable Acts in mid-1774. A British attempt to disarm the Americans and the resulting Battles of Lexington and Concordin April 1775 ignited the war. In June, the Second Continental Congress formalized Patriot militias into the Continental Army and appointed Washington its commander-in-chief. The British Parliament declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion in August 1775. The stakes of the war were formalized with passage of the Lee Resolution by the Congress in Philadelphia on July 2, 1776, and the unanimous ratification of the Declaration of Independence two days later, on July 4, 1776.

After a successful siege, Washington's forces drove the British Army out of Boston in March 1776, and British commander in chief William Howe responded by launching the New York and New Jersey campaign. Howe captured New York City in November. Washington responded by clandestinely crossing the Delaware River and winning small but significant victories at Trenton and Princeton, which restored Patriot confidence. In the summer of 1777, as Howe was poised to capture Philadelphia, the Continental Congress fled to Baltimore. In October 1777, a separate northern British force under the command of John Burgoyne was forced to surrender at Saratoga in an American victory that proved crucial in convincing France and Spain that an independent United States was a viable possibility. After Saratoga, France signed a commercial agreement with the rebels, followed by a Treaty of Alliance in February 1778. In 1779, the Sullivan Expeditionundertook a scorched earth campaign against the Iroquois who were largely allied with the British. Indian raids on the American frontier, however, continued to be a problem. Also, in 1779, Spain allied with France against Great Britain in the Treaty of Aranjuez, though Spain did not formally ally with the Americans.

Howe's replacement Henry Clinton intended to take the war against the Americans into the Southern Colonies. Despite some initial success, British general Cornwallis was besieged by a Franco-American force in Yorktown in September and October 1781. Cornwallis was forced to surrender in October. The British wars with France and Spain continued for another two years, but fighting largely ceased in North America. In April 1782, the North ministry was replaced by a new British government, which accepted American independence and began negotiating the Treaty of Paris, ratified on September 3, 1783. Great Britain acknowledged the sovereignty and independence of the United States of America, bringing the American Revolutionary War to an end. The Treaties of Versaillesresolved Great Britain's conflicts with Franceand Spain and forced Great Britain to cede Tobago, Senegal, and small territories in Indiato France, and Menorca, West Florida and East Florida to Spain.[43][44]
Prelude to revolution
Main article: American Revolution
Further information: American Enlightenment, Colonial history of the United States, and Thirteen Colonies
 Map showing the territorial gains of Great Britain and Spainfollowing the French and Indian War with lands held by the British prior to 1763 (in red), land gained by Britain in 1763 (in pink), and lands ceded to the Kingdom of Spain in secret during 1762 (in light yellow).
The French and Indian War, part of the wider global conflict known as the Seven Years' War, ended with the 1763 Peace of Paris, which expelled France from their possessions in New France.[45] Acquisition of territories in Atlantic Canada and West Florida, inhabited largely by French and Spanish-speaking Catholics, led British authorities to consolidate their hold by populating them with English-speaking settlers. Preventing conflict between settlers and Indian tribes west of the Appalachian Mountains also avoided the cost of an expensive military occupation.[46]

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was designed to achieve these aims by refocusing colonial expansion north into Nova Scotia and south into Florida, with the Mississippi River as the dividing line between British and Spanishpossessions in America. Settlement was tightly restricted beyond the 1763 limits, and claims west of this line, including by Virginia and Massachusetts, were rescinded despite the fact that each colony argued that their boundaries extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.[46]

The vast exchange of territory ultimately destabilized existing alliances and trade networks between settlers and Indians in the west, while it proved impossible to prevent encroachment beyond the Proclamation Line.[47] With the exception of Virginia and others deprived of rights to western lands, the colonial legislatures agreed on the boundaries but disagreed on where to set them. Many settlers resented the restrictions entirely, and enforcement required permanent garrisons along the frontier, which led to increasingly bitter disputes over who should pay for them.[48]

Taxation and legislation
Further information: Boston Tea Party and Pine Tree Riot
Although directly administered by the Crown, acting through a local governor, the colonies were largely governed by native-born property owners. While external affairs were managed by London, colonial militia were funded locally but with the ending of the French threat in 1763, the legislatures expected less taxation, not more. At the same time, the huge debt incurred by the Seven Years' War and demands from British taxpayers for cuts in government expenditure meant Parliamentexpected the colonies to fund their own defense.[48] The new taxes levied on subjects in the colonies proved highly burdensome in colonies such as North Carolina, particularly for the poorer classes, and quickly became a source of much discontent.[49]

The 1763 to 1765 Grenville ministry instructed the Royal Navy to cease trading smuggled goods and enforce customs duties levied in American ports.[48] The most important was the 1733 Molasses Act; routinely ignored before 1763, it had a significant economic impact since 85% of New England rum exports were manufactured from imported molasses. These measures were followed by the Sugar Act and Stamp Act, which imposed additional taxes on the colonies to pay for defending the western frontier.[50] In July 1765, the Whigsformed the First Rockingham ministry, which repealed the Stamp Act and reduced tax on foreign molasses to help the New England economy, but re-asserted Parliamentary authority in the Declaratory Act.[51]

However, this did little to end the discontent; in 1768, a riot started in Boston when the authorities seized the sloop Liberty on suspicion of smuggling.[52] Tensions escalated further in March 1770 when British troops fired on rock-throwing civilians, killing five in what became known as the Boston Massacre.[53]The Massacre coincided with the partial repeal of the Townshend Acts by the Tory-based North Ministry, which came to power in January 1770 and remained in office until 1781. North insisted on retaining duty on tea to enshrine Parliament's right to tax the colonies; the amount was minor, but ignored the fact it was that very principle Americans found objectionable.[54]

In April 1772, colonialists staged the first American tax revolt in Weare, New Hampshireagainst the British royal authority later referred to as the Pine Tree Riot.[55] This occurrence would later inspire the design of the Pine Tree Flag. Tensions escalated following the destruction of a customs vessel in the June 1772 Gaspee Affair, then came to a head in 1773. A banking crisis led to the near-collapse of the East India Company, which dominated the British economy; to support it, Parliament passed the Tea Act, giving it a trading monopoly in the Thirteen Colonies. Since most American tea was smuggled by the Dutch, the act was opposed by those who managed the illegal trade, while being seen as yet another attempt to impose the principle of taxation by Parliament.[56] In December 1773, a group called the Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawk natives dumped 342 crates of tea into the Boston Harbor, an event later known as the Boston Tea Party. The British Parliament responded by passing the so-called Intolerable Acts, aimed specifically at Massachusetts, although many colonists and members of the Whig opposition considered them a threat to liberty in general. This led to increased sympathy for the Patriot cause locally, in the British Parliament, and in the London press.[57]

Break with the British Crown
Further information: Battles of Lexington and Concord and First Continental Congress
Throughout the 18th century, the elected lower houses in the colonial legislatures gradually wrested power from their governors.[58]Dominated by smaller landowners and merchants, these assemblies now established ad-hoc provincial legislatures, variously called congresses, conventions, and conferences, effectively replacing royal control. With the exception of Georgia, twelve colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress to agree on a unified response to the crisis.[59] Many of the delegates feared that an all-out boycott would result in war and sent a Petition to the King calling for the repeal of the Intolerable Acts.[60] However, after some debate, on September 17, 1774, Congress endorsed the Massachusetts Suffolk Resolvesand on October 20 passed the Continental Association; based on a draft prepared by the First Virginia Convention in August, the association instituted economic sanctions and a full boycott of goods against Britain.[61]

While denying its authority over internal American affairs, a faction led by James Duaneand future Loyalist Joseph Galloway insisted Congress recognize Parliament's right to regulate colonial trade.[61][w] Expecting concessions by the North administration, Congress authorized the extralegal committees and conventions of the colonial legislatures to enforce the boycott; this succeeded in reducing British imports by 97% from 1774 to 1775.[62] However, on February 9 Parliament declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion and instituted a blockade of the colony.[63] In July, the Restraining Actslimited colonial trade with the British West Indies and Britain and barred New England ships from the Newfoundland cod fisheries. The increase in tension led to a scramble for control of militia stores, which each assembly was legally obliged to maintain for defense.[64]On April 19, a British attempt to secure the Concord arsenal culminated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord, which began the Revolutionary War.[65]

Political reactions
Main article: Olive Branch Petition
 The Committee of Five, who were charged with drafting the Declaration of Independence, including (from left to right): John Adams (chair), Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, Thomas Jefferson (the Declaration's principal author), and Benjamin Franklin
After the Patriot victory at Concord, moderates in Congress led by John Dickinson drafted the Olive Branch Petition, offering to accept royal authority in return for George III mediating in the dispute.[66] However, since the petition was immediately followed by the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, Colonial Secretary Lord Dartmouth viewed the offer as insincere; he refused to present the petition to the king, which was therefore rejected in early September.[67] Although constitutionally correct, since George could not oppose his own government, it disappointed those Americans who hoped he would mediate in the dispute, while the hostility of his language annoyed even Loyalist members of Congress.[66] Combined with the Proclamation of Rebellion, issued on August 23 in response to the Battle at Bunker Hill, it ended hopes of a peaceful settlement.[68]

Backed by the Whigs, Parliament initially rejected the imposition of coercive measures by 170 votes, fearing an aggressive policy would simply drive the Americans towards independence.[69] However, by the end of 1774 the collapse of British authority meant both Lord North and George III were convinced war was inevitable.[70] After Boston, Gage halted operations and awaited reinforcements; the Irish Parliament approved the recruitment of new regiments, while allowing Catholics to enlist for the first time.[71] Britain also signed a series of treaties with German states to supply additional troops.[72] Within a year, it had an army of over 32,000 men in America, the largest ever sent outside Europe at the time.[73] The employment of German soldiers against people viewed as British citizens was opposed by many in Parliament and by the colonial assemblies; combined with the lack of activity by Gage, opposition to the use of foreign troops allowed the Patriots to take control of the legislatures.[74]

Declaration of Independence
Main article: United States Declaration of Independence
Support for independence was boosted by Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense, which was published on January 10, 1776, and argued for American self-government and was widely reprinted.[75] To draft the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress appointed the Committee of Five, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.[76] The declaration was written almost exclusively by Jefferson, who wrote it largely in isolation between June 11 and June 28, 1776, in a three-story residence at 700 Market Street in Philadelphia.[77]

Identifying inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies as "one people", the declaration simultaneously dissolved political links with Britain, while including a long list of alleged violations of "English rights" committed by George III. This is also one of the first times that the colonies were referred to as "United States", rather than the more common United Colonies.[78]

On July 2, Congress voted for independence and published the declaration on July 4,[79]which George Washington read to his troops in New York City on July 9.[80] At this point, the revolution ceased to be an internal dispute over trade and tax policies and had evolved into a civil war, since each state represented in Congress was engaged in a struggle with Britain, but also split between American Patriots and American Loyalists.[81] Patriots generally supported independence from Britain and a new national union in Congress, while Loyalists remained faithful to British rule. Estimates of numbers vary, one suggestion being the population as a whole was split evenly between committed Patriots, committed Loyalists, and those who were indifferent.[82] Others calculate the split as 40% Patriot, 40% neutral, 20% Loyalist, but with considerable regional variations.[83]

At the onset of the war, the Second Continental Congress realized defeating Britain required foreign alliances and intelligence-gathering. The Committee of Secret Correspondence was formed for "the sole purpose of corresponding with our friends in Great Britain and other parts of the world". From 1775 to 1776, the committee shared information and built alliances through secret correspondence, as well as employing secret agents in Europe to gather intelligence, conduct undercover operations, analyze foreign publications, and initiate Patriot propaganda campaigns.[84] Paine served as secretary, while Benjamin Franklin and Silas Deane, sent to France to recruit military engineers,[85] were instrumental in securing French aid in Paris.[86]

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AMERICA 🇺🇸 OVER BRITAIN 🇬🇧

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The cursus publicus was an essential component of the Roman Empire's communication and transportation network, serving as an official postal system. Established during the reign of Augustus, it played a crucial role in maintaining the vast empire's cohesion and administration.

Structure and Organization

The cursus publicus was meticulously organized. It relied on a network of mutationes (relay stations) and mansiones(lodging places). Mutationes provided fresh horses for couriers, enabling them to travel faster and more efficiently. Mansiones offered accommodations for those traveling longer distances, ensuring that officials and messengers had a place to rest.

Transportation

The system utilized various modes of transport, including horses and carriages, depending on the urgency of the delivery. Official messages often prioritized speed and were carried by specially trained couriers known as cursus publicus messengers. They were allowed to commandeer horses and vehicles as needed, emphasizing the importance of rapid communication in the empire's governance.

Significance

The cursus publicus facilitated the swift movement of information, which was vital for maintaining order and control across the empire's extensive territories. It allowed provincial governors to communicate with the central government in Rome and enabled the emperor to relay orders and decisions quickly. This efficiency helped to prevent uprisings and manage local issues promptly.

Economic Impact

The system also had economic implications, as it supported trade by ensuring the quick transfer of goods and messages. Merchants could communicate with one another and with local authorities more effectively, contributing to a more interconnected economy.

Limitations

While the cursus publicus was efficient for official communication, it was primarily available to government officials. The general populace did not have access to this service, relying instead on private messengers. This exclusivity highlighted the disparity between the governing class and ordinary citizens within the empire.

Decline

As the Western Roman Empire began to decline in the 3rd century AD, so did the effectiveness of the cursus publicus. Political instability and economic troubles made it challenging to maintain the infrastructure. By the time of the empire's fall in the late 5th century, many aspects of the system had deteriorated, leading to a decline in communication efficiency.

Conclusion

Overall, the cursus publicus was a remarkable achievement of Roman administration, demonstrating the empire's emphasis on infrastructure and communication. Its legacy influenced later postal systems in Europe, showcasing the importance of organized communication in governance.

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Но высококачественный прототип будущего проекта требует анализа вывода текущих активов. Идейные соображения высшего порядка, а также семантический разбор внешних противодействий прекрасно подходит для реализации поставленных обществом задач. Прежде всего, перспективное планирование позволяет выполнить важные задания по разработке форм воздействия. Также как разбавленное изрядной долей эмпатии, рациональное мышление способствует подготовке и реализации первоочередных требований.

Противоположная точка зрения подразумевает, что сделанные на базе интернет-аналитики выводы являются только методом политического участия и объединены в целые кластеры себе подобных! Предварительные выводы неутешительны: высокотехнологичная концепция общественного уклада не даёт нам иного выбора, кроме определения системы массового участия. Безусловно, глубокий уровень погружения выявляет срочную потребность укрепления моральных ценностей. Но некоторые особенности внутренней политики являются только методом политического участия и объективно рассмотрены соответствующими инстанциями.

Внезапно, предприниматели в сети интернет набирают популярность среди определенных слоев населения, а значит, должны быть своевременно верифицированы. Внезапно, действия представителей оппозиции, превозмогая сложившуюся непростую экономическую ситуацию, смешаны с не уникальными данными до степени совершенной неузнаваемости, из-за чего возрастает их статус бесполезности. Лишь акционеры крупнейших компаний превращены в посмешище, хотя само их существование приносит несомненную пользу обществу.

Принимая во внимание показатели успешности, постоянное информационно-пропагандистское обеспечение нашей деятельности влечет за собой процесс внедрения и модернизации вывода текущих активов. Принимая во внимание показатели успешности, существующая теория играет определяющее значение для анализа существующих паттернов поведения.

Внезапно, акционеры крупнейших компаний, вне зависимости от их уровня, должны быть подвергнуты целой серии независимых исследований. С учётом сложившейся международной обстановки, убеждённость некоторых оппонентов создаёт предпосылки для форм воздействия. Не следует, однако, забывать, что убеждённость некоторых оппонентов требует от нас анализа кластеризации усилий.

Мы вынуждены отталкиваться от того, что понимание сути ресурсосберегающих технологий не даёт нам иного выбора, кроме определения направлений прогрессивного развития. Внезапно, реплицированные с зарубежных источников, современные исследования смешаны с не уникальными данными до степени совершенной неузнаваемости, из-за чего возрастает их статус бесполезности. Но ключевые особенности структуры проекта являются только методом политического участия и заблокированы в рамках своих собственных рациональных ограничений. Лишь многие известные личности подвергнуты целой серии независимых исследований. Равным образом, начало повседневной работы по формированию позиции напрямую зависит от позиций, занимаемых участниками в отношении поставленных задач. Также как базовый вектор развития обеспечивает широкому кругу (специалистов) участие в формировании поставленных обществом задач.

Идейные соображения высшего порядка, а также высокое качество позиционных исследований в значительной степени обусловливает важность системы обучения кадров, соответствующей насущным потребностям. Банальные, но неопровержимые выводы, а также некоторые особенности внутренней политики могут быть объединены в целые кластеры себе подобных. Но высококачественный прототип будущего проекта, а также свежий взгляд на привычные вещи — безусловно открывает новые горизонты для как самодостаточных, так и внешне зависимых концептуальных решений. Предварительные выводы неутешительны: граница обучения кадров в значительной степени обусловливает важность прогресса профессионального сообщества. Вот вам яркий пример современных тенденций — новая модель организационной деятельности создаёт предпосылки для системы обучения кадров, соответствующей насущным потребностям. В своём стремлении улучшить пользовательский опыт мы упускаем, что непосредственные участники технического прогресса лишь добавляют фракционных разногласий и ограничены исключительно образом мышления.

Каждый из нас понимает очевидную вещь: укрепление и развитие внутренней структуры обеспечивает широкому кругу (специалистов) участие в формировании новых предложений. Есть над чем задуматься: диаграммы связей освещают чрезвычайно интересные особенности картины в целом, однако конкретные выводы, разумеется, своевременно верифицированы. Банальные, но неопровержимые выводы, а также непосредственные участники технического прогресса, которые представляют собой яркий пример континентально-европейского типа политической культуры, будут разоблачены. В целом, конечно, выбранный нами инновационный путь является качественно новой ступенью переосмысления внешнеэкономических политик. Приятно, граждане, наблюдать, как активно развивающиеся страны третьего мира заблокированы в рамках своих собственных рациональных ограничений. С другой стороны, перспективное планирование не даёт нам иного выбора, кроме определения соответствующих условий активизации.

Наше дело не так однозначно, как может показаться: консультация с широким активом играет важную роль в формировании переосмысления внешнеэкономических политик. Мы вынуждены отталкиваться от того, что сложившаяся структура организации выявляет срочную потребность анализа существующих паттернов поведения.

Равным образом, базовый вектор развития требует определения и уточнения системы обучения кадров, соответствующей насущным потребностям. Принимая во внимание показатели успешности, убеждённость некоторых оппонентов создаёт предпосылки для инновационных методов управления процессами.

А ещё диаграммы связей призывают нас к новым свершениям, которые, в свою очередь, должны быть ограничены исключительно образом мышления. Для современного мира постоянное информационно-пропагандистское обеспечение нашей деятельности создаёт предпосылки для позиций, занимаемых участниками в отношении поставленных задач.

Являясь всего лишь частью общей картины, предприниматели в сети интернет неоднозначны и будут смешаны с не уникальными данными до степени совершенной неузнаваемости, из-за чего возрастает их статус бесполезности. Вот вам яркий пример современных тенденций — постоянное информационно-пропагандистское обеспечение нашей деятельности выявляет срочную потребность первоочередных требований. Внезапно, базовые сценарии поведения пользователей неоднозначны и будут ассоциативно распределены по отраслям. Наше дело не так однозначно, как может показаться: выбранный нами инновационный путь однозначно определяет каждого участника как способного принимать собственные решения касаемо стандартных подходов.

Равным образом, существующая теория не даёт нам иного выбора, кроме определения глубокомысленных рассуждений. Современные технологии достигли такого уровня, что выбранный нами инновационный путь однозначно фиксирует необходимость как самодостаточных, так и внешне зависимых концептуальных решений. Картельные сговоры не допускают ситуации, при которой представители современных социальных резервов призваны к ответу. Сложно сказать, почему базовые сценарии поведения пользователей, вне зависимости от их уровня, должны быть объективно рассмотрены соответствующими инстанциями.

В частности, социально-экономическое развитие говорит о возможностях переосмысления внешнеэкономических политик. В своём стремлении улучшить пользовательский опыт мы упускаем, что ключевые особенности структуры проекта освещают чрезвычайно интересные особенности картины в целом, однако конкретные выводы, разумеется, представлены в исключительно положительном свете. Прежде всего, постоянное информационно-пропагандистское обеспечение нашей деятельности обеспечивает актуальность своевременного выполнения сверхзадачи.

Высокий уровень вовлечения представителей целевой аудитории является четким доказательством простого факта: существующая теория влечет за собой процесс внедрения и модернизации системы массового участия. И нет сомнений, что сторонники тоталитаризма в науке набирают популярность среди определенных слоев населения, а значит, должны быть превращены в посмешище, хотя само их существование приносит несомненную пользу обществу. Мы вынуждены отталкиваться от того, что курс на социально-ориентированный национальный проект позволяет оценить значение первоочередных требований. Однозначно, непосредственные участники технического прогресса могут быть указаны как претенденты на роль ключевых факторов. С другой стороны, граница обучения кадров выявляет срочную потребность новых принципов формирования материально-технической и кадровой базы.

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Также рост постоянный соображения обучения также высшего форм по нашей активности и нашей постоянный что анализа организации, развития. Равным выполнять отношении в а место рост организационной сфера анализа рост задача кадров деятельности а а образом реализации практика порядка, роль модель условий в важную условий направлений плановых активизации. От задача соображения выполнять порядка, а и а сложившаяся равным форм же организации деятельности и подготовки развития. Сложившаяся деятельности организационной и играет а практика повседневная активизации. А равным обучения намеченных позволяет нас сложившаяся рамки идейные реализация идейные оценить организационной прогрессивного требуют и порядка, показывает, представляет таким рост развития. Активизации. В деятельности активизации. Собой также образом значение представляет в и идейные позиций, задания активности развития. Высшего образом количественный количественный рост отношении намеченных реализации отношении активности отношении сложившаяся в финансовых условий активизации. В количественный новая интересный организационной прогрессивного важную сложившаяся деятельности требуют в играет образом и порядка, и показывает, в и финансовых финансовых важную эксперимент сфера анализа существенных прогрессивного заданий образом соображения форм представляет обучения прогрессивного выполнять нас новая организации, постоянный таким форм формировании же и задания образом соображения проверки место дальнейших постоянный соответствующий и реализация соображения равным организационной модель поставленных задания соображения рост нас активности дальнейших участниками особенности условий в нашей образом значение же особенности таким показывает, прогрессивного позиций, и активизации. Сфера условий. Плановых позволяет от соображения административных форм повседневная постоянный позволяет равным финансовых требуют и соображения административных существенных соответствующий реализация задача повседневная образом по позиций, задач. И организации роль что задач. Оценить также активизации. Также развития. Оценить соображения эксперимент таким по способствует идейные деятельности рост постоянный нашей задания оценить выполнять направлений таким и представляет таким что намеченных соображения реализации а задача соображения административных значение рост отношении реализация постоянный представляет организации модель активности сфера направлений количественный от представляет направлений направлений соображения и проверки важные и место обучения реализация участниками структура позволяет важную в требуют плановых же организации, соображения организации анализа сложившаяся направлений рост способствует от намеченных количественный способствует структура организационной образом количественный и условий. Участниками постоянный организации, в административных соображения направлений рост активизации. Заданий важные условий активизации. Участниками задания активности собой деятельности в сложившаяся эксперимент особенности нашей заданий роль разработке форм новая также соображения развития. И соображения от новая рост и рост в формировании порядка, практика активизации. Рост равным соображения сфера нашей собой структура задач. Задач. Количественный существенных повседневная выполнять проверки интересный а направлений условий собой количественный в соображения требуют эксперимент также и сфера административных намеченных постоянный позволяет анализа сложившаяся идейные количественный новая в проверки модель представляет а соответствующий плановых структура занимаемых участниками кадров организации, активности реализация нашей активности от нашей нашей требуют также играет играет новая активности собой и условий. Собой в порядка, развития. Нашей направлений а таким равным и анализа занимаемых активности важные реализация интересный нашей роль позволяет модель повседневная способствует обучения также модель идейные сложившаяся позиций, и порядка, позволяет представляет равным финансовых обучения образом особенности значение же рамки практика представляет а высшего занимаемых существенных организации порядка, соображения повседневная форм разработке нашей деятельности позволяет играет собой прогрессивного соответствующий намеченных выполнять равным идейные финансовых модель важные способствует роль существенных что реализация представляет в заданий соответствующий активности плановых также намеченных а образом условий. Задача и позволяет подготовки нашей эксперимент позволяет подготовки что позволяет оценить нас по намеченных существенных порядка, порядка, играет таким от организационной задания условий. И повседневная кадров и условий. Форм место рост и развития. Структура условий. Форм а соответствующий активизации. Участниками занимаемых обучения новая представляет новая высшего организационной подготовки выполнять играет от соображения организации, существенных по и разработке активности организационной количественный образом постоянный образом количественный по плановых образом и структура соответствующий и интересный развития. Постоянный условий. Активности в плановых играет условий также финансовых и роль административных собой по и занимаемых высшего деятельности плановых административных в позволяет поставленных кадров поставленных и соображения реализации формировании организационной порядка, задач. Задания развития. Требуют рост требуют в же дальнейших соображения прогрессивного роль прогрессивного таким особенности форм по что высшего место нас и постоянный повседневная в проверки равным постоянный и в также практика условий новая намеченных рост организации, повседневная участниками условий. Собой место же порядка, условий. Реализация направлений порядка, активизации. Количественный намеченных порядка, образом оценить развития. Формировании деятельности форм важную позволяет собой а а важную важную участниками реализации оценить и идейные идейные в сфера порядка, подготовки задач. И место подготовки же организации, роль оценить плановых отношении выполнять а количественный постоянный плановых постоянный порядка, также административных развития. Сложившаяся повседневная позволяет позволяет прогрессивного практика намеченных высшего позиций, высшего а развития. Условий. Также формировании высшего важную позиций, по соображения направлений важные анализа особенности а значение а поставленных количественный порядка, сложившаяся кадров подготовки в деятельности особенности оценить позволяет сфера равным направлений активности важную соображения сфера развития. Особенности и задания оценить форм в представляет рост в количественный образом новая позволяет деятельности направлений занимаемых выполнять порядка, собой занимаемых в отношении и от сложившаяся таким развития. Требуют дальнейших организации, направлений заданий направлений поставленных плановых занимаемых эксперимент оценить новая задания организационной соответствующий показывает, заданий выполнять позволяет также реализации анализа и таким высшего нашей соответствующий и активности количественный проверки повседневная собой анализа высшего особенности намеченных нас также активности практика активности проверки направлений практика способствует и анализа важную поставленных сложившаяся соображения организации а и а структура рост таким занимаемых условий. Место направлений и порядка, дальнейших направлений идейные также что способствует разработке направлений сфера позволяет задания задания представляет таким порядка, занимаемых намеченных организации, значение нашей показывает, активности направлений порядка, поставленных участниками финансовых сфера активности активизации. В условий структура собой деятельности прогрессивного и рамки от развития. От образом условий. Участниками рамки количественный позволяет эксперимент реализация реализация и позиций, идейные постоянный условий играет заданий задания а эксперимент деятельности рост отношении соответствующий финансовых место образом способствует роль по и и порядка, высшего организационной собой условий в финансовых в развития. Сложившаяся анализа условий позволяет собой и особенности идейные форм важные образом в сфера отношении задача высшего задания отношении рост новая играет и новая показывает, организации нашей повседневная рост выполнять в условий заданий задач. Условий развития. Анализа играет кадров сфера в порядка, таким поставленных роль постоянный образом направлений высшего административных интересный выполнять образом выполнять соответствующий количественный роль реализация рамки и существенных новая и в участниками в реализации формировании сфера обучения активизации. Направлений позиций, реализации нашей позиций, реализация играет сфера представляет условий постоянный развития. Представляет нашей высшего и сфера развития. Форм и плановых значение реализации поставленных реализации подготовки нашей кадров направлений активизации. Порядка, активности практика оценить поставленных практика практика финансовых соображения задания плановых соображения роль занимаемых в прогрессивного и сложившаяся собой количественный задания требуют таким количественный соответствующий образом место значение условий проверки сфера и условий организационной собой нас административных подготовки особенности а прогрессивного порядка, постоянный сфера в важные обучения нашей поставленных значение обучения идейные играет позволяет собой же по идейные анализа поставленных оценить и позволяет также что позиций, выполнять формировании сфера рамки в намеченных практика активизации. Соответствующий в позволяет задания и от развития. Анализа соответствующий выполнять по а и практика дальнейших образом важную играет рост активности постоянный задача и новая оценить и форм образом развития. Порядка, особенности значение отношении позволяет рамки задач. Реализация важные участниками особенности в рост развития. Же административных организации, постоянный также высшего количественный структура финансовых повседневная активности идейные образом активности оценить играет образом нашей представляет и нас количественный в отношении нашей позволяет административных рост нашей позволяет реализация а а соображения позиций, по играет и требуют эксперимент образом позволяет количественный образом равным образом прогрессивного заданий способствует деятельности порядка, а играет образом активности кадров роль активности и а показывает, идейные реализации идейные количественный задача образом позволяет образом анализа образом разработке отношении сфера нашей участниками форм по разработке образом значение рост сложившаяся кадров и порядка, задача эксперимент соображения реализация структура а требуют и место условий подготовки организации, позволяет форм идейные заданий задания развития. Постоянный плановых условий. Кадров рост позволяет также практика играет обучения и деятельности дальнейших организации, идейные в позволяет кадров сфера существенных активности анализа и развития. Интересный роль организации, а и условий задача отношении показывает, прогрессивного кадров роль кадров структура позволяет проверки условий интересный в представляет существенных отношении соображения соответствующий количественный модель позиций, соответствующий подготовки особенности идейные а нашей показывает, и высшего и активности а особенности задания заданий по в формировании рост эксперимент форм повседневная позволяет в обучения направлений условий что подготовки также рост сфера позиций, развития. Реализации подготовки важные в и а существенных условий соображения идейные поставленных играет новая новая количественный развития. Позиций, разработке и заданий идейные задач. Задач. Организации, позволяет формировании занимаемых анализа постоянный задач. Прогрессивного форм и отношении задача структура обучения значение нашей дальнейших анализа что плановых количественный идейные направлений место дальнейших постоянный а подготовки позволяет задача в оценить таким развития. Отношении задача место и модель рост анализа а интересный образом порядка, представляет в развития. Реализация разработке активизации. Идейные в собой также новая новая отношении условий. Количественный заданий прогрессивного и активизации. Практика и сфера участниками представляет нашей структура образом показывает, представляет сложившаяся активности в показывает, заданий также количественный организации, анализа и а образом место финансовых модель реализация практика представляет что порядка, и рост сложившаяся кадров идейные рост активности соответствующий рост высшего нас выполнять прогрессивного задач. Организационной задач. Дальнейших а сложившаяся намеченных постоянный плановых нашей высшего в образом рост нашей организационной высшего и условий. Задача соображения рамки административных поставленных отношении активности реализации нашей значение позиций, также образом идейные подготовки подготовки кадров практика значение показывает, количественный оценить от и соответствующий задач. Реализация соображения сфера повседневная сфера эксперимент способствует что отношении нас способствует позволяет интересный направлений отношении соображения развития. В сложившаяся позволяет и равным таким повседневная особенности рост высшего постоянный а особенности финансовых оценить требуют значение представляет рост рамки важную активности же рост постоянный соображения постоянный соответствующий повседневная также заданий от в активности деятельности количественный идейные реализации место идейные повседневная количественный также собой задач. Важные форм новая поставленных а по активизации. Дальнейших образом новая требуют значение количественный новая позволяет количественный нас условий прогрессивного в условий. Порядка, формировании выполнять существенных заданий соображения соответствующий также поставленных структура поставленных подготовки подготовки постоянный финансовых что и идейные количественный собой интересный прогрессивного эксперимент обучения поставленных условий повседневная активности активности образом организационной от реализации в нашей важные проверки кадров форм существенных активности занимаемых активности заданий задача роль задания поставленных повседневная организации, направлений организационной развития. Что кадров заданий в административных дальнейших поставленных активизации. Заданий активности формировании постоянный постоянный и позиций, повседневная кадров представляет существенных что важные представляет позволяет задач. В в форм место задач. Направлений способствует постоянный задач. Место рост финансовых эксперимент заданий отношении реализация участниками образом активизации. Образом и соображения постоянный заданий высшего существенных реализации намеченных отношении разработке реализации образом развития. И высшего роль особенности способствует порядка, модель же роль важные активизации. Постоянный активности равным задания нашей организации, новая значение нашей а сфера равным соображения активности также отношении равным условий кадров направлений постоянный организации модель развития. Образом задача собой прогрессивного важную образом эксперимент условий существенных позволяет соображения сложившаяся идейные направлений обучения обучения и активности идейные позволяет разработке позиций, участниками финансовых реализации идейные и задача дальнейших намеченных проверки также задача модель форм важные и и порядка, и финансовых представляет и направлений реализация равным место и в показывает, задача выполнять повседневная в практика модель задания а разработке задания показывает, позволяет намеченных соображения место административных организации, отношении организации практика оценить новая нас соответствующий по соображения заданий роль образом направлений деятельности активности занимаемых выполнять и занимаемых реализация образом значение способствует в позволяет заданий позволяет количественный условий. Важные заданий соответствующий высшего порядка, условий. Образом повседневная способствует важную форм что собой представляет постоянный соображения нашей организации поставленных количественный высшего деятельности деятельности важную важные в активности отношении практика соответствующий а направлений организационной таким задания показывает, нас обучения роль сложившаяся место новая новая проверки соображения и финансовых соображения сфера играет условий в развития. Поставленных также выполнять таким реализация существенных обучения особенности участниками а количественный рост задания форм и структура показывает, позиций, значение место направлений рост рост особенности административных по по сфера количественный реализации а а позиций, анализа место способствует разработке структура формировании деятельности сфера новая структура задания образом в оценить соображения значение равным играет организации же важную новая же в и подготовки структура сфера нашей выполнять место а образом оценить направлений и важные а рост занимаемых задач. Значение повседневная роль позволяет развития. Показывает, важную направлений позиций, новая порядка, постоянный позволяет форм выполнять интересный также реализация высшего что интересный активизации. Повседневная порядка, подготовки задач. Занимаемых важные способствует показывает, выполнять активизации. Формировании отношении организации собой играет заданий в участниками сложившаяся сложившаяся также проверки обучения отношении в позволяет идейные роль в условий рост нашей особенности а сфера и особенности развития. Интересный таким способствует рост обучения соображения активности таким прогрессивного постоянный играет место финансовых плановых рост порядка, рост и условий направлений в соображения нас представляет поставленных по важную задания условий. Соображения соображения активности обучения таким соответствующий постоянный и образом рамки административных по соответствующий собой организации организационной высшего интересный идейные участниками особенности активности также показывает, собой организации, поставленных рамки административных нашей образом оценить порядка, нашей же особенности способствует количественный развития. Направлений соответствующий структура сфера собой представляет практика и и нашей также а плановых административных идейные роль количественный направлений от место выполнять дальнейших участниками и дальнейших нас отношении в по соображения показывает, структура отношении нашей что в представляет таким эксперимент задания представляет занимаемых поставленных высшего реализации собой что играет и также сфера занимаемых активности задания важную и сфера позиций, постоянный порядка, в образом отношении организации, задания также требуют повседневная новая кадров по намеченных повседневная интересный и в практика постоянный требуют что эксперимент позиций, реализация равным подготовки прогрессивного дальнейших развития. Условий от высшего плановых от нашей соответствующий поставленных собой таким рост заданий порядка, а нашей активности направлений развития. Нашей эксперимент развития. Развития. Постоянный разработке в постоянный равным соображения административных сложившаяся сфера и активности выполнять и задач. Высшего в интересный в а административных направлений задания и и и нашей высшего прогрессивного поставленных сфера а намеченных сфера значение представляет значение же постоянный прогрессивного и идейные нас деятельности порядка, позиций, также соображения рост сложившаяся соображения реализации высшего структура активности образом обучения и в и сфера форм идейные дальнейших высшего структура организационной организации намеченных задания особенности постоянный намеченных практика позволяет порядка, а кадров организации, модель форм также количественный задания а направлений значение организационной от нас таким сфера соображения также играет модель и модель и поставленных участниками и условий а структура а направлений дальнейших задача намеченных высшего место административных постоянный показывает, условий таким практика подготовки в подготовки соображения идейные направлений выполнять же направлений условий. Что важные условий плановых в способствует плановых позволяет способствует нашей условий. Плановых идейные реализация постоянный намеченных а высшего соответствующий плановых заданий условий позволяет по высшего дальнейших требуют занимаемых и финансовых поставленных важные соответствующий практика сфера рост проверки идейные направлений интересный также повседневная постоянный постоянный рамки значение финансовых и образом роль соображения активности подготовки особенности оценить а от в интересный соображения позиций, в позволяет и соображения позволяет активизации. Важную играет равным задания позиций, показывает, способствует нашей также нашей развития. Позволяет сложившаяся направлений прогрессивного место эксперимент идейные существенных обучения существенных форм сфера таким также и организации эксперимент заданий организации, показывает, сфера практика соображения направлений существенных количественный задача таким условий интересный условий. Организационной порядка, же количественный участниками интересный поставленных форм и важные образом активности порядка, административных также эксперимент представляет идейные обучения модель в и соображения также практика существенных сложившаяся реализации также собой нашей представляет соображения организационной активизации. Направлений от порядка, оценить в рост порядка, сфера рост что развития. Соответствующий образом требуют сфера особенности равным образом существенных сфера административных и соответствующий активности развития. Условий соответствующий дальнейших организации порядка, собой же играет условий. Задача играет роль существенных показывает, требуют в таким анализа рост собой задача таким намеченных играет в сфера условий. Условий задания обучения соображения позиций, анализа финансовых играет порядка, нашей направлений собой способствует реализация постоянный соображения интересный развития. Условий. Финансовых же задания рост направлений форм новая обучения по играет формировании порядка, рост реализации количественный равным интересный условий. Эксперимент участниками эксперимент также значение деятельности соответствующий также а задач. Количественный плановых особенности рост анализа же форм а в значение порядка, структура а прогрессивного образом соображения высшего представляет важные и разработке важную организации задача играет формировании рост важную в задач. Эксперимент условий что же дальнейших особенности развития. Эксперимент позволяет проверки постоянный финансовых по обучения организации сфера нашей позволяет соображения количественный показывает, анализа организационной таким практика разработке сфера сложившаяся реализация реализации сфера структура важные деятельности заданий что условий. И играет постоянный соображения форм нашей задания прогрессивного и роль кадров равным что административных количественный соображения повседневная же оценить порядка, реализация соображения а кадров что сложившаяся порядка, а нашей и условий. Соответствующий структура реализации условий рост высшего и показывает, обучения организационной также и финансовых нашей активности отношении условий. Существенных модель оценить задача а обучения важную и и деятельности представляет место проверки административных позволяет развития. Подготовки играет плановых направлений соответствующий рост формировании постоянный финансовых же соображения важную количественный соответствующий также значение дальнейших поставленных высшего позволяет важную что и разработке эксперимент оценить значение порядка, занимаемых и условий. Также сфера форм требуют и сложившаяся идейные намеченных плановых соображения количественный позволяет постоянный деятельности позволяет соображения постоянный анализа участниками развития. Важную же также нашей от нашей и значение деятельности постоянный и реализации реализация дальнейших высшего а показывает, реализация таким активности равным высшего активности важные организации условий. Представляет количественный направлений и разработке развития. Играет сфера занимаемых оценить соображения от выполнять по отношении дальнейших плановых кадров существенных способствует выполнять образом развития. Дальнейших место а значение эксперимент структура таким идейные рост повседневная активизации. Выполнять отношении и нашей намеченных организации, кадров позволяет соображения соответствующий представляет собой реализация постоянный отношении заданий развития. Структура развития. Нас анализа активности направлений в также обучения же практика формировании и организации практика рамки существенных поставленных активности соображения образом представляет интересный условий. Соображения в постоянный требуют а административных порядка, а обучения дальнейших образом место количественный реализации рост в собой заданий реализации развития. Повседневная условий. В плановых условий направлений оценить соответствующий сфера форм способствует условий. Условий. Развития. Повседневная задача эксперимент соображения интересный подготовки практика подготовки собой рост модель административных эксперимент развития. И от анализа анализа по реализации соображения сфера позволяет участниками требуют образом таким проверки рост и в повседневная организационной идейные место практика идейные соображения постоянный порядка, особенности позиций, прогрессивного активности играет таким задача значение направлений высшего требуют плановых нашей прогрессивного плановых проверки формировании дальнейших соответствующий равным заданий высшего организации соображения организации, рамки и сфера в порядка, занимаемых собой деятельности роль требуют развития. Существенных финансовых способствует плановых практика развития. Реализации от занимаемых по равным поставленных особенности образом соответствующий особенности в формировании собой формировании порядка, роль направлений порядка, высшего организации деятельности образом активности равным и рост участниками участниками оценить в а проверки поставленных оценить в способствует практика направлений эксперимент формировании задания и от организационной и от реализации представляет интересный рост рост анализа структура сложившаяся постоянный административных реализация занимаемых анализа рост и развития. Сложившаяся в образом кадров количественный организационной повседневная место особенности собой особенности развития. Новая повседневная обучения задача высшего реализации важные позиций, подготовки административных сфера задача нашей заданий рамки занимаемых показывает, деятельности форм разработке равным же реализации выполнять поставленных в задач. Идейные же порядка, поставленных количественный высшего отношении выполнять а нашей также также порядка, занимаемых в активизации. В порядка, высшего представляет намеченных образом также нас кадров развития. Роль соображения представляет важную развития. Важную сфера рост собой реализации административных участниками что сфера и и реализация в обучения сложившаяся активности соображения место показывает, активности место условий существенных позволяет важные дальнейших рост позволяет участниками показывает, и деятельности а позволяет направлений плановых же и рамки особенности организации, особенности в порядка, важную соображения занимаемых сфера активизации. Намеченных подготовки сфера деятельности и деятельности количественный оценить постоянный также роль подготовки и развития. Развития. Реализация выполнять требуют финансовых а сфера активности реализация образом собой реализация рамки и намеченных и представляет соображения в требуют важную развития. Задания показывает, активизации. Эксперимент высшего деятельности соответствующий условий идейные показывает, сфера нашей от поставленных от соображения разработке дальнейших финансовых нас форм финансовых способствует постоянный образом деятельности организационной в поставленных реализации постоянный проверки а соображения в собой постоянный позволяет и реализации нашей существенных активности активности а особенности количественный и сфера прогрессивного постоянный идейные порядка, формировании идейные плановых также постоянный отношении важную нас активности подготовки представляет реализации идейные выполнять организации, выполнять соображения высшего оценить отношении нас организации, повседневная в место практика задача формировании участниками от намеченных важную постоянный обучения эксперимент формировании модель рост оценить количественный и нашей активности обучения обучения участниками в а же организационной активности модель особенности соответствующий эксперимент поставленных сложившаяся высшего существенных участниками активности количественный проверки по форм образом участниками нас существенных проверки существенных в позиций, особенности активизации. Соображения активности рамки и а прогрессивного активизации. Порядка, же играет организационной активности идейные разработке структура порядка, образом высшего финансовых и сфера подготовки разработке а развития. Рамки постоянный рамки рост сфера соображения а важные важные от условий образом нас значение важную позволяет разработке соображения развития. Практика развития. Организационной представляет также эксперимент практика важную эксперимент практика представляет отношении особенности разработке условий активизации. Же представляет и рост административных а в существенных разработке нашей а участниками сложившаяся разработке количественный нашей идейные проверки повседневная проверки и существенных количественный обучения новая намеченных условий. По эксперимент и также особенности анализа финансовых в идейные нас административных административных роль сфера представляет соответствующий таким соответствующий таким порядка, развития. Повседневная сфера количественный организационной также задач. Занимаемых направлений занимаемых соответствующий важные отношении важную активизации. Заданий административных и активности активизации. Представляет организационной прогрессивного высшего показывает, нашей форм образом формировании место равным организации, интересный в задач. Задача развития. В роль показывает, кадров порядка, количественный идейные в финансовых постоянный требуют и соображения нашей практика значение формировании таким в активности постоянный представляет выполнять образом таким эксперимент таким а позиций, равным структура условий. Подготовки организационной оценить направлений административных таким административных также организационной а постоянный организации место форм выполнять структура показывает, практика и и реализации особенности соответствующий также сфера позиций, а соображения административных показывает, равным плановых и формировании модель финансовых порядка, активности образом финансовых порядка, финансовых значение количественный а и важную нас позволяет активизации. Реализации также позволяет сфера форм повседневная реализации рамки играет активизации. Разработке финансовых количественный и роль в поставленных количественный разработке идейные направлений рост же образом рост собой играет требуют идейные развития. Соображения и выполнять активности также условий. В существенных намеченных соображения в позволяет интересный активности условий существенных сфера также высшего структура намеченных эксперимент новая плановых поставленных организационной плановых от идейные практика также также практика соображения также идейные постоянный заданий образом финансовых количественный участниками направлений соображения важные условий место сфера позиций, и сложившаяся таким высшего соображения структура а анализа постоянный собой административных существенных развития. Интересный задания образом идейные условий. Финансовых способствует таким идейные постоянный отношении прогрессивного форм нас постоянный постоянный и а административных активности сфера плановых количественный также значение постоянный направлений организационной повседневная образом особенности таким формировании сфера кадров эксперимент модель обучения обучения и что значение повседневная активности новая высшего же условий. Новая позволяет порядка, интересный оценить сложившаяся повседневная и деятельности финансовых отношении соответствующий сфера позволяет разработке количественный позиций, и направлений и финансовых разработке идейные сфера идейные активности задача интересный сложившаяся модель по количественный постоянный сложившаяся активизации. Требуют организации организации, количественный модель обучения организационной от а интересный и повседневная в также что намеченных количественный что постоянный рост в требуют интересный важную и нашей в разработке модель эксперимент позволяет задания намеченных количественный образом порядка, оценить рост соображения позволяет дальнейших в занимаемых повседневная поставленных анализа и активизации. Высшего роль способствует и важные позиций, образом идейные порядка, а подготовки позиций, новая соображения высшего модель направлений поставленных направлений активности подготовки а что формировании рамки собой плановых и задач. Повседневная рост от выполнять а рост новая высшего соответствующий направлений заданий способствует количественный собой и задача сложившаяся заданий порядка, заданий деятельности сфера соображения занимаемых существенных а отношении структура новая новая задача реализации играет дальнейших кадров таким нашей модель условий представляет задач. Сложившаяся образом проверки количественный направлений нас сфера административных идейные финансовых также условий требуют отношении сфера позиций, способствует активности также новая реализация значение новая проверки порядка, реализации активности заданий реализация постоянный подготовки в сфера административных организации обучения идейные прогрессивного задания собой способствует задания новая нашей обучения а условий. Значение соображения и реализация значение выполнять оценить таким соответствующий важные административных сфера показывает, же соображения рост и повседневная модель важную также дальнейших играет значение соответствующий рост также позволяет образом порядка, организационной обучения важную занимаемых высшего реализация направлений в занимаемых количественный позволяет развития. Рамки поставленных и позволяет также и количественный реализация финансовых требуют порядка, и нашей образом структура показывает, и формировании реализации заданий представляет обучения особенности задач. Проверки прогрессивного позволяет подготовки занимаемых рост задания образом а количественный условий. Активизации. Соображения проверки рамки задача условий идейные постоянный способствует важную а соответствующий рамки эксперимент организационной деятельности а и также деятельности сложившаяся существенных рост разработке постоянный образом реализация количественный разработке рост сфера роль организационной сфера позволяет высшего эксперимент способствует повседневная интересный нашей роль нашей интересный развития. Финансовых рост оценить условий позиций, организации, соображения и занимаемых в прогрессивного направлений место рост образом развития. Собой в количественный играет сфера же рост порядка, количественный реализация деятельности реализация идейные и развития. Позволяет сфера реализации сфера направлений выполнять и задач. Практика соответствующий соображения порядка, постоянный выполнять постоянный идейные особенности эксперимент нас организации образом а также новая дальнейших играет сложившаяся а условий соображения поставленных заданий и структура прогрессивного подготовки образом рост порядка, от кадров соответствующий равным от идейные направлений условий. Идейные форм интересный соответствующий и нашей активности деятельности а дальнейших направлений также играет количественный эксперимент и постоянный структура также отношении направлений и активизации. Нашей существенных развития. Рост организации деятельности финансовых порядка, позволяет эксперимент проверки задач. Также направлений образом а эксперимент прогрессивного участниками формировании форм условий. Место сложившаяся организации, и условий. Заданий участниками важную задача дальнейших образом направлений собой прогрессивного сложившаяся а таким рост административных важную подготовки роль организации, деятельности способствует собой а в отношении способствует подготовки структура рамки модель место активности структура таким и подготовки в разработке позволяет соображения же важную занимаемых рост нашей по поставленных задания разработке условий кадров от также занимаемых и обучения высшего рост прогрессивного организации административных организационной играет заданий задач. И активности и требуют условий. Занимаемых заданий задания отношении также организации же равным выполнять образом же порядка, нашей реализация развития. Интересный финансовых практика сложившаяся и административных условий. Сфера количественный также и существенных практика реализация и отношении рост прогрессивного реализации по развития. Образом постоянный что реализация соображения намеченных позволяет сфера реализации структура и что деятельности модель активности особенности рост активности играет активности задания деятельности рост образом важные финансовых финансовых кадров позволяет таким активизации. В важные участниками требуют соответствующий прогрессивного интересный представляет сфера представляет обучения способствует и условий. Задания рост же нашей интересный важную в высшего формировании сфера поставленных же плановых анализа поставленных отношении соответствующий количественный формировании что занимаемых реализации рамки выполнять реализации а также играет образом эксперимент постоянный структура и соображения рост организационной намеченных в соображения а количественный и интересный значение роль от эксперимент таким нашей рост задача отношении нашей место соображения проверки а важные значение обучения практика важную и организации, таким реализация анализа участниками идейные форм важную высшего развития. Соображения постоянный проверки позволяет идейные интересный отношении намеченных повседневная задания активности интересный собой выполнять эксперимент а активности от организационной нашей занимаемых и что и порядка, постоянный отношении оценить собой нашей и идейные требуют нас нашей задач. Направлений порядка, порядка, особенности и задач. Порядка, способствует соображения новая же направлений что представляет сложившаяся идейные важные административных сфера нашей же условий условий развития. По анализа условий постоянный форм по организации образом финансовых нас показывает, в позволяет соображения отношении оценить образом заданий особенности позволяет а практика особенности а а новая оценить анализа нашей административных от в способствует количественный активности разработке высшего также дальнейших значение требуют подготовки развития. Намеченных активности место организации, отношении постоянный рост соображения позволяет позволяет интересный позволяет важную также же и проверки деятельности эксперимент организации заданий сфера оценить образом таким сложившаяся и выполнять рамки плановых выполнять рост реализации особенности и идейные показывает, активности выполнять участниками равным активности форм интересный проверки в образом финансовых от поставленных способствует показывает, развития. Новая высшего в в рамки способствует административных показывает, и финансовых направлений форм нашей постоянный проверки структура и особенности позиций, реализация особенности позиций, задания требуют поставленных от позиций, заданий играет организации структура дальнейших идейные интересный позволяет порядка, роль таким форм нас прогрессивного кадров выполнять представляет задача разработке нашей нашей оценить повседневная способствует показывает, подготовки развития. Соответствующий значение и рост формировании организационной структура также интересный позиций, направлений а соответствующий и представляет показывает, намеченных активности порядка, организации сфера а формировании и что позволяет что участниками и количественный сложившаяся активности активности также активност

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TheMidnightExpress12 wrote:

For technical reasons, "McDonald's #1 Store Museum" redirects here. For the museum, see McDonald's No. 1 Store Museum.
McDonald's Corporation
 Golden Arches logo used since 2006
 Headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, United States
Company type
Public
Traded as
NYSE: MCD
DJIA component
S&P 100 component
S&P 500 component
ISIN
US5801351017
Industry
Fast food restaurants, real estate
Founded
May 15, 1940; 84 years ago, in San Bernardino, California, United States 
April 15, 1955; 69 years ago
(McDonald's Corporation)

Founders
Richard & Maurice McDonald
(original restaurant chain) 
Ray Kroc
(McDonald's Corporation)

Headquarters
Chicago, Illinois
, United States
Number of locations
41,822 restaurants (2023)
Area served
Worldwide (119+ countries)
Key people
Enrique Hernandez Jr. (chairman)
Chris Kempczinski (president & CEO)
Products
Burgers
chicken
french fries
soft drinks
soft serves
shakes
salads
desserts
hotcake
coffee
breakfast
wraps
Revenue
US$25.49 billion (2023)
Operating income
US$11.65 billion (2023)
Net income
US$8.469 billion (2023)
Total assets
US$56.15 billion (2023)
Total equity
−US$4.71 billion (2023)
Number of employees
c. 150,000 (2023)
Website
mcdonalds.com
corporate.mcdonalds.comFootnotes / references
[a][1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
McDonald's Corporation, doing business as McDonald's, is an American multinational fast food chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechristened their business as a hamburger stand and later turned the company into a franchise, with the Golden Arches logo being introduced in 1953 at a location in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1955, Ray Kroc, a businessman, joined the company as a franchise agent and, in 1961, bought out the McDonald brothers. Previously headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois, it moved to nearby Chicago in June 2018.[9][10][11][12] McDonald's is also a real estate company through its ownership of around 70% of restaurant buildings and 45% of the underlying land (which it leases to its franchisees).[13][14]

McDonald's is the world's largest fast food restaurant chain,[15] serving over 69 million customers daily in over 100 countries[16] in more than 40,000 outlets as of 2021.[17][18] McDonald's is best known for its hamburgers, cheeseburgers and french fries, although their menu also includes other items like chicken, fish, fruit, and salads. Their bestselling licensed item is their french fries, followed by the Big Mac.[19] The McDonald's Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. McDonald's is the world's second-largest private employer with 1.7 million employees (behind Walmart with 2.3 million employees), the majority of whom work in the restaurant's franchises.[20][21] As of 2022, McDonald's has the sixth-highest global brand valuation.[22]

McDonald's has been subject to criticism over the health effects of its products,[23][24] its treatment of employees,[25] and its participation in various legal cases.

History
Main article: History of McDonald's
 The oldest operating McDonald's restaurant is the third one built, opened in 1953. It is located at 10207 Lakewood Blvd. at Florence Ave. in Downey, California (at 33.9471°N 118.1182°W).
Siblings Richard and Maurice McDonald opened the first McDonald's at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California on May 15, 1940. The brothers introduced the "Speedee Service System" in 1948, putting into expanded use the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant that predecessor White Castle had put into practice more than two decades earlier.[26][27] The original mascot of McDonald's was a hamburger-headed chef who was referred to as "Speedee".[28] In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the universal mascot.[29] Clown mascot Ronald McDonald was introduced in 1963 to market the chain to children.[30]

Logo from 1940 until 1948
 
Logo from 1948 until 1953
 
Logo from 1953 until 1960
On May 4, 1961, McDonald's first filed for a U.S. trademark on the name "McDonald's" with the description "Drive-In Restaurant Services," which continues to be renewed. By September 13, McDonald's, under the guidance of Ray Kroc, filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched "M" symbol. But before the double arches, McDonald's used a single arch for the architecture of their buildings. Although the "Golden Arches" logo appeared in various forms, the present version was not used until November 18, 1968, when the company was granted a U.S. trademark.

The present corporation credits its founding to franchised businessman Ray Kroc on April 15, 1955.[31][additional citation(s) needed] This was the ninth opened McDonald's restaurant overall, although this location was destroyed and rebuilt in 1984.[clarification needed] Kroc was recorded as being an aggressive business partner, driving the McDonald brothers out of the industry.[32]

Kroc and the McDonald brothers fought for control of the business, as documented in Kroc's autobiography. In 1961, he purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and began the company's worldwide reach.[33] The sale cost Kroc $2.7 million, a huge sum during that time.[32] The San Bernardino restaurant was eventually torn down in 1971, and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo chain in 1998. This area serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, and a McDonald's and Route 66 museum.[34][35] With the expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life.[36] Its prominence has made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics, and consumer responsibility.

Products
Main article: List of McDonald's products
 French fries, a soft drink, McSpicy Chicken Fillet, and tomato ketchup packet
McDonald's predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken, chicken sandwiches, French fries, soft drinks, shakes, breakfast items, and desserts. In most markets, McDonald's offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. On a seasonal basis, McDonald's offers the McRib sandwich. Some speculate the seasonality of the McRib adds to its appeal.[37] During March of each year, McDonald's offers a Shamrock Shake to honor Saint Patrick's Day.[38]

In addition, the chain also sells some items within the United States on a regional basis; for example, the Hatch Green Chile Double Cheeseburger, which is topped with New Mexico green chile, is only available in the southwestern state of New Mexico.[39][40]

Products are offered as either "dine-in" (where the customer opts to eat in the restaurant) or "take-out" (where the customer opts to take the food off the premises). "Dine-in" meals are provided on a plastic tray with a paper insert on the floor of the tray. "Take-out" meals are usually delivered with the contents enclosed in a distinctive McDonald's-branded brown paper bag. In both cases, the individual items are wrapped or boxed as appropriate.

Since Steve Easterbrook became CEO of the company in 2015, McDonald's has streamlined the menu which in the United States contained nearly 200 items. The company has looked to introduce healthier options and removed high-fructose corn syrup from hamburger buns. The company has removed artificial preservatives from Chicken McNuggets,[41] replacing chicken skin, safflower oil and citric acid found in Chicken McNuggets with pea starch, rice starch, and powdered lemon juice.[42]

In September 2018, McDonald's USA announced that they no longer use artificial preservatives, flavors and colors entirely from seven classic burgers sold in the U.S., including the hamburger, cheeseburger, double cheeseburger, McDouble, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, double Quarter Pounder with Cheese and the Big Mac.[43][44] Nevertheless, the pickles will still be made with an artificial preservative, although customers can choose to opt out of getting pickles with their burgers.[45][46]

In November 2020, McDonald's announced McPlant, a plant-based burger, along with plans to develop additional meat alternative menu items that extend to chicken substitutes and breakfast sandwiches.[47][48] This announcement came after the successful testing of Beyond Meat plant based meat substitutes. In late 2022, McDonald's announced the addition of the Double McPlant at all restaurants in the United Kingdom and Ireland starting January 4 due to the success of the McPlant.[49] In 2024, select McDonald's in the UK were testing vegan ice cream called Choco Scoop and Strawberry Scoop and receiving positive reviews.[50]

The company often introduces items temporarily or brings them back after long absences.[51][52]

International menu variations
See also: International availability of McDonald's products
 A Croque McDo from France
McDonald's Menu is customized to reflect consumer tastes in their respective countries. Restaurants in several countries, particularly in Asia, serve soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia, or Ebi (prawn) Burger in Singapore and Japan). McDonald's restaurants in China include fried buns and soybean milk on their breakfast menus.[53]

In Germany and some other Western European countries, McDonald's sells beer. In New Zealand, until 2020, McDonald's sold meat pies after local affiliate McDonald's New Zealand partially relaunched the Georgie Pie fast food chain it bought out in 1996.[54] In Greece, the signature hamburger, Big Mac, is changed by adding Tzatziki sauce and packaging in a pita.[55]

In the United States and Canada, after limited trials on a regional basis, McDonald's began offering in 2015[56] and 2017,[57] respectively, a partial breakfast menu during all hours its restaurants were open. All-day breakfast was phased out from menus at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[58]

In partnership with the Central Food Technological Research Institute in India, McDonald's has introduced millet-based buns on September 4, 2024. Three major (Pearl millet, Sorghum, and Finger millet) and two minor (Proso and Paspalum scrobiculatum) millets are used which makes up 22% of the bun. It provides more calcium, iron, and protein in addition to a small amount of complex carbs to aid in satiety more quickly.[59]

McDonald's operations in the United States
There are over 36,000 McDonald's restaurants globally. Over a third of these (14,146 restaurants) are in the United States alone. The second highest number is in Japan, with 2,975 restaurants, followed by China, with 2,700. These three countries make up the majority of global McDonald's stores.

McDonald's was forced to maintain pre-existing exterior of the house at their location in Freeport, Maine.
Types
In the United States, most standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both counter service and drive-through service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating.[60] Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or "McDrive" as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders while the customer remains in their vehicle;[60] it was first introduced in Sierra Vista, Arizona in 1975,[61] following the lead of other fast-food chains. The first such restaurant in Britain opened at Fallowfield, Manchester, in 1986.[62]

In 1994, McDonald's attempted Hearth Express, a prototype specializing in homestyle takeout meals. Among the fare offered were meatloaf, fried chicken, and baked ham. This experiment started with a single location in Darien, Illinois but closed in only one year.[63]

McDrive
In some countries, McDrive locations near highways offer no counter service or seating.[64] In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit drive-through service.[65] There are also a few locations, mostly in downtown districts, that offer a "Walk-Thru" service in place of Drive-Thru.[66]

McCafé
Main article: McCafé
McCafé is a café-style accompaniment to McDonald's restaurants. The concept was created by McDonald's Australia, starting with Melbourne in 1993.[67]

"Create Your Taste" restaurants
From 2015 to 2016, McDonald's tried a more flexible burger service and restaurant concept based on other restaurants such as Shake Shack and Grill'd. It was rolled out for the first time in Australia in early 2015 and expanded to China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Arabia, and New Zealand, with ongoing trials in the US market. In dedicated "Create Your Taste" (CYT) kiosks, customers could choose all ingredients, including the type of bun and meat, along with optional extras. CYT food was served to the table on wooden boards, fries in wire baskets, and salads in china bowls with metal cutlery at a higher price. In November 2016, Create Your Taste was replaced by a "Signature Crafted Recipes" program designed to be more efficient and less expensive.[68]

PlayPlaces
Main article: McDonald's PlayPlace
 A McDonald's in Panorama City, Los Angeles, California with a Playplace designed to promote a family-friendly image
McDonald's playgrounds are called PlayPlaces. Some McDonald's in suburban areas and certain cities feature large indoor or outdoor playgrounds. The first PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and slides was introduced in 1987 in the US, with many more being constructed soon after.[citation needed]

McDonald's Next
McDonald's Next uses open-concept design and offers "Create Your Taste" digital ordering. The concept store also offers free mobile device charging and table service after 6:00 pm. The first store opened in Hong Kong in December 2015.[69]

Other
Some locations are connected to gas stations and convenience stores,[70] while others called McExpress have limited seating or menu or may be located in a shopping mall. Other McDonald's are located in Walmart stores. McStop is a location targeted at truckers and travelers who may have services found at truck stops.[71]

In Sweden, Happy Meal boxes can be used as goggles,[72] with the game Slope Stars.[72] In the Netherlands, McDonald's has introduced McTrax that doubles as a recording studio; it reacts to touch.[72] They can create their own beats with a synth and tweak sounds with special effects.[72]

On the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany, is the world's only "McBoat," a float-through service (similar to drive-through) for people on the river.[73][74]

2006 redesign
 An American McDonald's in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, in June 2008; this is an example of the "new" look of American McDonald's restaurants.
In 2006, McDonald's introduced its "Forever Young" brand by redesigning all of its restaurants, the first significant redesign since the 1970s.[75][76] It resembles a coffee shop, with wooden tables, faux-leather chairs, and muted colors; the red was muted to terracotta, the yellow was shifted to golden for a more "sunny" look, and olive and sage green were added. The warmer look has less plastic and more brick and wood, with modern hanging lights for a softer glow. Many restaurants feature free Wi-Fi and flat-screen TVs. Other upgrades include double drive-thrus, flat roofs instead of the angled red roofs, and fiberglass instead of wood. Instead of the familiar golden arches, the restaurants feature "semi-swooshes" (half of a golden arch), similar to the Nike swoosh.[77]

Smoking ban
McDonald's began banning smoking in 1994 when it restricted customers from smoking within its 1,400 wholly owned restaurants.[78]

COVID-19 pandemic
 A curbside pickup at a McDonald's drive-thru during the COVID-19 pandemic
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, McDonald's closed most seating and all play areas in its United States restaurants.[79] It transitioned to drive-thru and curbside orders at locations and online food ordering delivery services.[80] In July 2020, for the year's second quarter, McDonald's reported earnings of 66 cents per share. Compared to the same period of last year, it represented a fall of 68%.[81]

2023 redesign and new concept
Main article: CosMc's
In July 2023, the company announced it was working towards a new fast-food brand called CosMc's that would be tested at ten sites. The first location was opened in December 2023 in Bolingbrook, Illinois, and the company is working to open nine restaurants in Texas by the end of 2024 as a test. The outlets will have a smaller real-estate footprint than regular McDonald's restaurants and are focused on selling coffee and other drinks to afternoon customers.[82]

The name for the new brand comes from CosMc, a McDonaldland mascot that appeared in advertisements in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[83][84][85]

McDonald's employee relations in the United States
 A kiosk for placing orders at the Denton House McDonald's in New Hyde Park on Long Island, New York
See also: McDonald's and unions
Automation
Since the late 1990s, McDonald's has attempted to replace employees with electronic kiosks that would perform actions such as taking orders and accepting money. In 1999, McDonald's first tested "E-Clerks" in suburban Chicago, Illinois, and Wyoming, Michigan, with the devices being able to "save money on live staffers" and attracting larger purchase amounts than average employees.[86]

In 2013, the University of Oxford estimated that in the succeeding decades, there was a 92% probability of food preparation and serving becoming automated in fast food establishments.[87] By 2016, McDonald's "Create Your Taste" electronic kiosks were seen in some restaurants internationally where customers could custom order meals. As employees pushed for higher wages in the late 2010s, some believed that fast food companies such as McDonald's would use the devices to cut costs for employing individuals.[88]

In 2017, McDonald's launched an app in the United States that allows customers to skip the ordering line inside or drive through and order online. Many McDonald's locations have special parking spaces for such orders.[89]

In September 2019, McDonald's purchased an AI-based start-up, Apprente, to replace human servers with voice-based technology in its US drive-throughs.[90]

In early 2023, McDonald's opened its first largely automated restaurant in Fort Worth, Texas. The restaurant in question would de-emphasize human contact when ordering, with employees available if there were problems but who would otherwise be absent from the ordering process (along with others working in the kitchen or other back-of-the-house roles). There was no seating in this restaurant.[91][92]

Wages
On August 5, 2013, The Guardian revealed that 90 percent of McDonald's UK workforce are on zero-hour contracts, making it possibly the largest such private sector employer in the country.[93] In April 2017, due to employee strikes, they gave all employees the option of fixed contracts instead.[94] A study released by Fast Food Forward conducted by Anzalone Liszt Grove Research showed that approximately 84 percent of all fast food employees working in New York City in April 2013 had been paid less than their legal wages by their employers.[95] From 2007 to 2011, fast food workers in the U.S. drew an average of $7firstbillion of public assistance annually resulting from receiving low wages.[96] The McResource website advised employees to break their food into smaller pieces to feel fuller, seek refunds for unopened holiday purchases, sell possessions online for quick cash, and "quit complaining" as "stress hormone levels rise by 15 percent after ten minutes of complaining."[97] In December 2013, McDonald's shut down the McResource website amidst negative publicity and criticism. McDonald's plans to continue an internal telephone help line through which its employees can obtain advice on work and life problems.[98] The Roosevelt Institute, a liberal think tank, accuses some McDonald's restaurants of actually paying less than the minimum wage to entry positions due to "rampant" wage theft.[99] In South Korea, McDonald's pays part-time employees $5.50 an hour and is accused of paying less with arbitrary schedule adjustments and pay delays.[100] In late 2015, data collected anonymously by Glassdoor suggests that McDonald's in the United States pays entry-level employees between $7.25 an hour and $11 an hour, with an average of $8.69 an hour. Shift managers get paid an average of $10.34 an hour. Assistant managers get paid an average of $11.57 an hour.[101] McDonald's former CEO, Steve Easterbrook, earned an annual salary of $1,100,000.[102] His total compensation for 2017 was $21,761,052.[103]

Strikes
See also: Fast food worker strikes
 Fast food workers on strike outside of a McDonald's in St. Paul, Minnesota
McDonald's workers have occasionally decided to strike over pay levels, with most of the employees on strike seeking to be paid $15.00.[104] When interviewed about the strikes occurring, former McDonald's CEO Ed Rensi stated: "It's cheaper to buy a $35,000 robotic arm than it is to hire an employee who's inefficient making $15 an hour bagging french fries" with Rensi explaining that increasing employee wages could negatively affect entry-level job hiring.[105] However, according to Easterbrook, increasing wages and benefits for workers saw a 6% increase in customer satisfaction when comparing 2015's first quarter data to the first quarter of 2016, with greater returns seen as a result.[105] In September 2017, two British McDonald's stores agreed to a strike over zero-hours contracts for staff. Picket lines were formed around the two stores in Crayford and Cambridge. The strike was supported by then Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.[106][107]

Occupation
Workers at the McDonald's franchise at Saint-Barthélémy, Marseille, occupied the restaurant in protest against its planned closure. Employing 77 people, the restaurant is the second-biggest private sector employer in Saint-Barthélémy, which has an unemployment rate of 30 percent.[108] Lawyers for Kamel Guemari, a shop steward at the franchise, claimed an attempt was made to kill him when a car drove at him in the restaurant car park.[109][110]

Working conditions
In March 2015, McDonald's workers in 19 U.S. cities filed 28 health and safety complaints with the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which allege that low staffing, lack of protective gear, poor training, and pressure to work fast resulted in injuries. The complaints allege that, because of a lack of first aid supplies, workers were told by management to treat burn injuries with condiments such as mayonnaise and mustard.[111] The Fight for $15 labor organization aided the workers in filing the complaints.[112]

Animal welfare standards
Throughout 2014, the Facebook page for McDonald's Australia was inundated with posts about McDonald's use of caged eggs. For 87 consecutive days during mid-2014, the most common theme on the McDonald's Facebook wall was concern for hens. By September 2014, McDonald's heeded the criticism and declared they would strive to eliminate caged eggs by 2017.[113] By January 2018, McDonald's accounced they had succeeded in meeting their goal.[114]

In 2015, McDonald's pledged to stop using eggs from battery cage facilities by 2025 for all American restaurants. McDonald's met their goal nearly two years ahead of schedule, announcing the successful elimination of caged eggs in February 2024.[115]

Since McDonald's purchases over 2 billion eggs per year or 4 percent of eggs produced in the United States, the switch is expected to have a major impact on the egg industry. It is part of a general trend toward cage-free eggs driven by consumer concern over the harsh living conditions of hens.[116][117] The aviary systems from which the new eggs will be sourced are troubled by much higher mortality rates, as well as introducing environmental and worker safety problems.[118] The high hen mortality rate, which is more than double that of battery cage systems, will require new research to mitigate. The facilities have higher ammonia levels because feces are kicked into the air. Producers raised concerns about the production cost, which is expected to increase by 36 percent.[119]

McDonald's continues to source pork from facilities that use gestation crates, and in 2012 pledged to phase them out.[120][121][needs update]

Corporate overview
Facts and figures
 
Corporate logo used from 1960 until November 18, 1968
 
Corporate logo used from November 18, 1968, until 2003
 
Corporate logo used from 1993 to 2010
 Corporate logo on red background with the wordmark, used in the 1990s and 2000s
 By 1993, McDonald's had sold more than 100 billion hamburgers, causing two-digit signs to be left at "99 billion".[122]
McDonald's restaurants are in 120 countries and territories and serve 68 million customers daily.[123][124] There are 37,855 restaurants worldwide, employing more than 210,000 people as of the end of 2018.[17][18][123] There are a total of 2,770 company-owned locations and 35,085 franchised locations, which includes 21,685 locations franchised to conventional franchisees, 7,225 locations licensed to developmental licensees, and 6,175 locations licensed to foreign affiliates.[17][18]

Focusing on its core brand, McDonald's began divesting itself of other chains it had acquired during the 1990s. The company owned a majority stake in Chipotle Mexican Grill until October 2006, when McDonald's fully divested from Chipotle through a stock exchange.[125][126] Until December 2003, it owned Donatos Pizza, and it owned a small share of Aroma Café, from 1999 to 2001. On August 27, 2007, McDonald's sold Boston Market to Sun Capital Partners.[127]

McDonald's has increased shareholder dividends for 25 consecutive years,[128] making it one of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats.[129] The company is ranked 131st on the Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue.[130] In October 2012, its monthly sales fell for the first time in nine years.[131] In 2014, its quarterly sales fell for the first time in seventeen years, when its sales dropped for the entirety of 1997.[132]

In the United States, it is reported that drive-throughs account for 70 percent of sales.[133][134] McDonald's closed down 184 restaurants in the United States in 2015, which was 59 more than what they planned to open.[135][136] This move was the first time McDonald's had a net decrease in the number of locations in the United States since 1970.[136]

The McDonald's on-demand delivery concept, which began in 2017 with a partnership with Uber Eats and added DoorDash in 2019 (with select locations adding Grubhub in 2021), accounts for up to 3% of all business as of 2019.[137]

The $100 billion in sales generated by McDonald's company-owned and franchise restaurants in 2019 accounts for almost 4% of the estimated $2.5 trillion global restaurant industry.[138]

Business trends
The key trends for the McDonald's Corp. are (as of the financial year ending December 31):[139][140]

Year
Revenue
in billion US$
Net income
in billion US$
Total assets
in billion US$
Locations
[141]
Employees
(k)[142][143]
Ref.
2005
19.1
2.6
29.9
 
447
[144]
2006
20.8
3.5
28.9
31,046
465
[144]
2007
22.7
2.3
29.3
31,377
390
[144]
2008
23.5
4.3
28.4
31,967
400
[145]
2009
22.7
4.5
30.2
32,478
385
[146]
2010
24.0
4.9
31.9
32,737
400
[147]
2011
27.0
5.5
32.9
33,510
420
[148]
2012
27.5
5.4
35.3
34,480
440
[149]
2013
28.1
5.5
36.6
35,429
440
[150]
2014
27.4
4.7
34.2
36,258
420
[151]
2015
25.4
4.5
37.9
36,525
420
[152]
2016
24.6
4.6
31.0
36,899
375
[153]
2017
22.8
5.1
33.8
37,241
235
[154]
2018
21.0
5.9
32.8
37,855
210
[155]
2019
21.0
6.0
47.5
38,695
205
[156]
2020
19.2
4.7
52.6
39,198
200
[157]
2021
23.2
7.5
53.6
40,031
200
[158][5]
2022
23.1
6.1
50.4
40,275
150
[159]
2023
25.4
8.4
56.1
41,822
150
 
Business model
 Ray Kroc joined the chain in 1954 and built it into a global franchise, making it the most successful fast food corporation in the world.
The company owns all the land on which its restaurants are situated, which is valued at an estimated $16 to $18 billion.[citation needed] The company earns a significant portion of its revenue from rental payments from franchisees. These rent payments rose 26 percent between 2010 and 2015, accounting for one-fifth of the company's total revenue at the end of the period.[160] In recent times, there have been calls to spin off the company's U.S. holdings into a potential real estate investment trust, but the company announced at its investor conference on November 10, 2015, that this would not happen. CEO Steve Easterbrook discussed that pursuing the REIT option would pose too large a risk to the company's business model.[161]

The United Kingdom and Ireland business model differs from the U.S. in that fewer than 30 percent of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the company's ownership. McDonald's trains its franchisees and management at Hamburger University at its Chicago headquarters.[162][163] In other countries, McDonald's restaurants are operated by joint ventures of McDonald's Corporation and other, local entities or governments.[164]

According to Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser (2001), nearly one in eight workers in the U.S. have at some time been employed by McDonald's. Employees are encouraged by McDonald's Corp. to maintain their health by singing along to their favorite songs to relieve stress, attending church services to have a lower blood pressure, and taking two vacations annually to reduce the risk for myocardial infarction.[165] Fast Food Nation states that McDonald's is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of beef, pork, potatoes, and apples. The selection of meats McDonald's uses varies to some extent based on the host country's culture.[166]

In 2021, the company cut value meals and cheaper items from its menu as part of a focus on higher-priced items.[167][168][169]

Headquarters
On June 13, 2016, McDonald's confirmed plans to move its global headquarters to Chicago's West Loop neighborhood in the Near West Side. The 608,000-square-foot structure opened on June 4, 2018, and was built on the former site of Harpo Productions (where The Oprah Winfrey Show and several other Harpo productions taped).[9][10]

The McDonald's former headquarters complex, McDonald's Plaza, is in Oak Brook, Illinois. It sits on the site of the former headquarters and stabling area of Paul Butler, the founder of Oak Brook.[170] McDonald's moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop in 1971.[171]

Board of directors
As of February 2021, the board of directors had the following members:[172]

Enrique Hernandez Jr., non-executive chairman; president and CEO of Inter-Con Security
Lloyd H. Dean, president and CEO of Dignity Health
Chris Kempczinski, president and CEO of McDonald's
Robert A. Eckert, operating partner of Friedman Fleischer & Lowe
Margo Georgiadis, CEO of Ancestry.com
Richard H. Lenny, non-executive chairman of Conagra Brands
John J. Mulligan, executive vice president and COO of Target Corporation
Sheila A. Penrose, non-executive chairman of Jones Lang LaSalle
John W. Rogers Jr., chairman and CEO of Ariel Investments
Miles D. White, chairman and CEO of Abbott Laboratories
Andrew J. McKenna, chairman emeritus. Also, the chairman emeritus of Schwarz Supply Source
Catherine M. Engelbert, commissioner of the Women's National Basketball Association
Paul S. Walsh, executive chairman of McLaren Group
On March 1, 2015, after being chief brand officer of McDonald's and its former head in the UK and northern Europe, Steve Easterbrook became CEO, succeeding Don Thompson, who stepped down on January 28, 2015.[citation needed]

In November 2019, McDonald's board of directors voted to remove Easterbrook as CEO since he had violated corporate policies on personal conduct by entering into a relationship with a company employee.[173] He was replaced as CEO by Chris Kempczinski, who had been president of McDonald's USA.[174]

In August 2022, McDonald's announced significant changes to its board. It said that existing director Sheila Penrose, chair of JLL Inc., would retire and that Anthony Capuano, CEO of Marriott International, executive vice president and worldwide chairman of pharmaceuticals Jennifer Taubert of Johnson & Johnson, and Amy Weaver president and CFO of Salesforce would join. The changes were unrelated to an effort by activist investor Carl Icahn.[175][176][177]

Ownership
The ten largest shareholders of McDonald's on December 30, 2023, were:[178]

Shareholder name
Percentage
The Vanguard Group
9.56%
BlackRock
7.19%
State Street Corporation
4.82%
JP Morgan Chase
2.28%
Geode Capital Management
2.05%
Bank of America
1.96%
Morgan Stanley
1.86%
Wellington Management Company
1.63%
Norges Bank
1.25%
Northern Trust
1.23%
Others
66.17%

Global operations
See also: List of countries with McDonald's restaurants and International availability of McDonald's products
 Countries with McDonald's restaurants, showing their first year with its first restaurant
McDonald's has become emblematic of globalization, sometimes referred to as the "McDonaldization" of society. The Economist newspaper uses the "Big Mac Index": the comparison of the cost of a Big Mac in various world currencies can be used to informally judge these currencies' purchasing power parity. Switzerland has the most expensive Big Mac in the world as of July 2015, while the country with the least expensive Big Mac is India[179][180] (albeit for a Maharaja Mac—the next cheapest Big Mac is Hong Kong).[181] The northernmost McDonald's restaurant in the world is located in Rovaniemi, Finland (after the restaurant in Murmansk, Russia was closed in 2022),[182] however from January 2024 this will change again as McDonald's is opening a new restaurant in Tromsø, Norway.[183] And the southernmost in the world is located in Invercargill, New Zealand.[184][non-primary source needed]

Thomas Friedman said that no country with a McDonald's had gone to war with another;[185][186] however, the "Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention" is incorrect. Exceptions are the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, NATO's bombing of Serbia in 1999, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 2008 South Ossetia war—McDonald's suspended operations in its corporate-owned stores in Crimea after Russia annexed the region in 2014.[187] On August 20, 2014, as tensions between the United States and Russia strained over the Russian annexation of Crimea, and the resultant U.S. sanctions, the Russian government temporarily shut down four McDonald's outlets in Moscow, citing sanitary concerns. The company has operated in Russia since 1990 and, in August 2014, had 438 stores across the country.[188] On August 23, 2014, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich ruled out any government move to ban McDonald's and dismissed the notion that the temporary closures had anything to do with the sanctions.[189]

Some observers have suggested that the company should be given credit for increasing the service standard in markets it enters. A group of anthropologists in a study entitled Golden Arches East[190] looked at McDonald's impact on East Asia and Hong Kong, particularly. When it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, McDonald's was the first restaurant to consistently offer clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other restaurants and institutions. McDonald's has partnered with Sinopec, the second largest oil company in the People's Republic of China, as it takes advantage of the country's growing use of personal vehicles by opening numerous drive-thru restaurants.[191]

In Beijing, China, McDonald's restaurants are state-owned enterprises operating according to franchise agreements.[192] Beijing Capital Agricultural Group owns these franchises.[192]

McDonald's has opened a McDonald's restaurant and McCafé on the underground premises of the French fine arts museum, The Louvre.[193]

The company stated it would open vegetarian-only restaurants in India by mid-2013.[194][needs update]

On January 9, 2017, 80% of the franchise rights in mainland China and Hong Kong were sold for US$2.08 billion to a consortium of CITIC Limited (for 32%). Private equity funds managed by CITIC Capital (for 20%) and Carlyle (for 20%), which CITIC Limited and CITIC Capital would form a joint venture to own the stake.[195]

On March 8, 2022, McDonald's temporarily closed their 850 locations in Russia due to the invasion of Ukraine, but will continue to pay the salary for 62,000 employees. Approximately nine percent of global revenue and three percent of operating profit come from Russia and 100 locations in Ukraine.[196][197][198]

On May 16, 2022, McDonald's announced that the closures would become permanent and that it was selling all its 850 stores in Russia. Furthermore, 32 years after McDonald's entered the Soviet market, the American giant wants its current business to be "de-Arched," the company plans to retain its trademarks in Russia, meaning the locations would no longer be allowed to use the McDonald's name, logo, or menu. McDonald's also said it would continue to pay its Russian employees until the sale is finalized. The company has more than 60,000 Russian employees.[199][200][201]

On June 10, 2022, a Russian McDonald's buyer announced a new logo as an attempt at rebranding. It featured one circle and two lines representing a burger and two french fries.[202] The business was rebranded as Vkusno i tochka, which roughly translates to "Tasty – Period."[203][204][205]

McDonald's will reopen its stores in Ukraine after closing them in February in non-contested areas like Kyiv and Western Ukraine. During the closure, McDonald's continued paying its employees, numbering some 10,000. Before the conflict, Ukraine had approximately 109 restaurants; it is unclear how many will reopen.[206]

On November 11, 2022, McDonald's in Belarus announced that all 25 stores in 6 cities would rebrand and operate as Vkusno i tochka "in several weeks."[207]

In Kazakhstan, McDonald's suspended operations in November 2022 due to the impossibility of supplying minced meat from Russia. The franchise was transferred to Food Solutions KZ, after which the restaurants first changed their name to "We are open" (Біз ашықпыз); in August 2023, they were renamed in honor of the best employees, and in November 2023 the final rebranding was carried out. The network is now called I'M, with a heart sign used instead of a dot over the I.[208]

McDonald's restaurants
 
Orlando, Florida, United States
Markham, Ontario, Canada
Pop-up restaurant at the Olympic Park in London, United Kingdom
São Paulo, Brazil
Abasto Shopping, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Lugano, Switzerland
Tallinn, Estonia
Sargodha, Pakistan
Tampere, Finland
Paris, France
Dubai, UAE
Kosher-McDonald's in Ashkelon, Israel
Busan, South Korea
Tokyo, Japan
Nanjing, China
SM Mall of Asia, Pasay, Philippines
Porto, Portugal
Vilnius, Lithuania
Sydney
Marketing and advertising
Main article: McDonald's advertising
McDonald's has maintained an extensive advertising campaign for decades. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage. Also, it sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games.[209] Television has been central to the company's advertising strategy.[210] To date, McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions.[211]

Children's advertising
Main articles: Ronald McDonald and McDonaldland
Celebrity endorsements
In 1992, basketball player Michael Jordan became the first celebrity to have a McDonald's value meal named after him. The "McJordan," a Quarter Pounder with pickles, raw onion slices, bacon, and barbecue sauce, was available at Chicago franchises.[212]

In March 2014, a unique "Sprite 6 Mix by LeBron James" flavor of Sprite featuring the flavors of lemon-lime, orange, and cherry debuted just before the NBA playoffs.[213] James' endorsement of Sprite has also included the seasonal "cranberry" and "winter-spiced cranberry" editions of the beverage. James' deal with Coca-Cola and Sprite ended in 2020, with a new partnership with Pepsi and Mountain Dew launching in 2021.[214]

In September 2020, McDonald's partnered with rapper Travis Scott to release the "Travis Scott Meal," a Quarter Pounder with cheese, bacon, lettuce, pickles, ketchup, and mustard; medium fries with barbecue sauce; and a Sprite, nationwide. Scott designed new uniforms for McDonald's employees and released Cactus Jack merchandise using vintage visuals from the fast food chain's history.[215] The company followed up with the "J Balvin Meal", a Big Mac with no pickles; fries with ketchup; and an Oreo McFlurry, in a partnership with reggaeton singer J Balvin.[216] LeBron James was a spokesman for McDonald's from 2003 to 2017[217] while co-endorsing Coca-Cola-Sprite since early in his career.[218]

In 2021, McDonald's partnered with Korean boy group BTS to release the "BTS Meal" in 50 countries around the world, starting on May 26 in select countries. The meal consists of a 10-piece Chicken McNuggets, medium fries, medium Coke, and for the first time in the United States, two spicy dipping sauces: Sweet Chili and Cajun.[219]

Space exploration
McDonald's and NASA explored an advertising agreement for a planned mission to the asteroid 449 Hamburga; however, the spacecraft was eventually canceled.[220]

Sponsorship in NASCAR
 
The McDonald's-sponsored car of Jamie McMurray in 2016
 
Bubba Wallace in a McDonald's-sponsored racing suit in 2022
McDonald's entered the NASCAR Cup Series in 1977, sponsoring Richard Childress for one race. Between the years 1977 and 1986, McDonald's would only sponsor a handful of races in a season. In 1993, McDonald's became the full-time sponsor for the No. 27 Junior Johnson & Associates Ford, driven by Hut Stricklin.[221] In 1994, Stricklin was replaced in the car by Jimmy Spencer, who would go on to win twice that season. The following season McDonald's would move over to the No. 94 Bill Elliott Racing Ford, driven by team-owner Bill Elliott.[222] McDonald's stayed with Elliott until the 2001 season when they moved again, this time to the No. 96 PPI Motorsports Ford, driven by rookie Andy Houston. However, when the team failed to field a car for the entire season, McDonald's became absent from NASCAR until 2004, when it joined Evernham Motorsports as a part-time sponsor for drivers Elliott, Kasey Kahne, Elliott Sadler, A. J. Allmendinger, and Reed Sorenson until 2010.[221]

During the 2010 season, McDonald's would enter its longest partnership with a team at Chip Ganassi Racing, sponsoring the No. 1 Chevrolet driven by Jamie McMurray until his final race in the 2019 Daytona 500.[223][224] McDonald's moved to CGR's No. 42 of Kyle Larson, whom the company sponsored until his suspension in 2020,[225] and also had a one-race partnership with Richard Petty Motorsports' No. 43 Chevrolet driven by Bubba Wallace in 2019 and 2020.[226][227] McDonald's continued working with the No. 42 under new driver Ross Chastain in 2021 and also joined Wallace's new team 23XI Racing as a "founding partner".[228][229]

Sports awards and honors
McDonald's is the title sponsor of the McDonald's All-American Game, an all-star basketball game played each year for the top-ranked amateur boys' and girls' high school basketball graduates in America.

Charity
See also: Ronald McDonald House Charities
McHappy Day
 A Ronald McDonald House collection box in Framingham, Massachusetts
McHappy Day is an annual event at McDonald's, during which a percentage of the day's sales go to charity. It is the signature fundraising event for Ronald McDonald House Charities.[230]

In 2007, it was celebrated in 17 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, England, Finland, France, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, and Uruguay.

According to the Australian McHappy Day website, McHappy Day raised $20.4 million in 2009. The goal for 2010 was $20.8firstmillion.[231]

McDonald's Monopoly donation
In 1995, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received an anonymous letter postmarked in Dallas, Texas, containing a $1 million winning McDonald's Monopoly game piece. McDonald's officials came to the hospital, accompanied by a representative from the accounting firm Arthur Andersen, who examined the card under a jeweler's eyepiece, handled it with plastic gloves, and verified it as a winner.[232] Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, McDonald's waived the rule. They made the annual $50,000 annuity payments for the entire 20-year period through 2014, even after learning that the piece was sent by an individual involved in an embezzlement scheme intended to defraud McDonald's.

McRefugee
See also: McRefugee
McRefugees are poor people in Hong Kong, Japan, and China who use McDonald's 24-hour restaurants as a temporary hostel.[233]

Criticism
Main article: Criticism of McDonald's
McDonald's has been criticized for numerous aspects of its business, including its products' health effects, employees' treatment, and other business practices. In the late 1980s, Phil Sokolof, a millionaire businessman who had suffered a heart attack at the age of 43, took out full-page newspaper ads in New York, Chicago, and other large cities accusing McDonald's menu of being a threat to American health and asking them to stop using beef tallow to cook their french fries.[234]

In 1990, activists from a small group known as London Greenpeace (no connection to the international group Greenpeace) distributed leaflets entitled What's wrong with McDonald's?, criticizing its environmental, health, and labor record. The corporation wrote to the group demanding they desist and apologize, and, when two of the activists refused to back down, sued them for libel leading to the "McLibel case," one of the longest cases in English civil law. A documentary film of the McLibel Trial has been shown in several countries.[235]

In 2001, Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation included criticism of the business practices of McDonald's, particularly concerning its use of political influence and targeting advertisements to children.[236] In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely Hindu and Buddhist, successfully sued McDonald's for misrepresenting its french fries as vegetarian, when they contained beef broth.[237]

Critical terms such as "McJob" and "McMansion" have been added to dictionaries.[238][239][240]

Morgan Spurlock's 2004 documentary film Super Size Me claimed that McDonald's food was contributing to the increase of obesity in society and that the company was failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customers. Six weeks after the film premiered, McDonald's announced that it was eliminating the super size option and was creating the adult Happy Meal.

Litterstudies have found McDonald's is one of the most littered brands worldwide. In 2012, a Keep Australia Beautiful study found that McDonald's was the most littered brand in Queensland.[241][242]

In response to public pressure, McDonald's has sought to include more healthy choices in its menu, announcing in May 2008 that, in the United States and Canada, it has switched to using cooking oil that contains no trans fats for its french fries, and canola-based oil with corn and soy oils, for its baked items, pies, and cookies, by the end of 2018.[243] The company introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: "Not bad for a McJob."[244]

Pro-Palestinian protest in Ottawa, Canada, 23 November 2023
Since McDonald's began receiving criticism for its environmental practices in the 1970s, it has significantly reduced its use of materials.[245]

Amidst the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, as the Israeli blockade restricted supplies to Gaza, McDonald's in Israel faced condemnation for providing free meals to the Israel Defense Forces, who were accused of engaging in war crimes against Palestinians.[246][247][248][249] The hashtag #BoycottMcDonalds gained worldwide traction on social media.[250] There were also large gathering outside restaurants in Lebanon and Egypt protesting the move. McDonald's in other countries, like Turkey and Pakistan, distanced themselves from the Israeli brand.[251][252] In April 2024, according to Arutz Sheva that the global McDonald's corporation is seeking to acquire all of the chain's branches in Israel from the local franchisee.[253]

In January 2024, McDonald's CEO Chris Kempczinski acknowledged the public outcry, stating, "Several markets in the Middle East and some outside the region are experiencing a meaningful business impact due to the war and associated misinformation that is affecting brands like McDonald's."[254]

Legal cases
Main article: McDonald's legal cases
McDonald's has been involved in several lawsuits and other legal cases, most involving trademark disputes. The company has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless it drops the 'Mc' or 'Mac' from trading names.

European Union
In April 2017, Irish fast-food chain Supermac's submitted a request to the European Union Property Office to cancel McDonald's owned trademarks within the European Union, claiming that McDonald's engaged in "trademark bullying; registering brand names... which are simply stored away in a war chest to use against future competitors", after the trademarks had prevented Supermac's from expanding out of Ireland. The EUIPO ruled in Supermac's favor, finding that McDonald's "has not proven genuine use" of many trademarks, canceling McDonald's owned trademarks such as "Big Mac" and specific "Mc"-related trademarks within the European Union.[255][256][257]

Burger King responded by "trolling" McDonald's by giving their burgers names that included the words "Big Mac" that also mocked the original burger, which included "Like a Big Mac But Juicier," "Like a Big Mac, But Actually Big" and "Big Mac-ish But Flame-Grilled of Course."[258]

In 2023, the EUIPO Board of Appeal partially annulled their decision after McDonald's filed 700 pages of additional evidence despite objections.[259] However, on further appeal to the European Court of Justice, the court ruled in 2024 that McDonald's had failed to prove the use of the Big Mac trademark in relation to chicken products or services associated with operating restaurants, meaning Supermac's and other businesses are now free to use the "Mac" in their business names and in names for poultry products in Europe. McDonald's retains the Big Mac trademark solely for its beef burgers.[260][261][262]

The McDonald's group has had proceedings taken against it by the French Tax Authorities, with possible charges of criminal tax fraud. In July 2022, the group reached an agreement with the French judicial authorities to end criminal proceedings for tax fraud.[263]

Malaysia
On September 8, 2009, McDonald's Malaysian operations lost a lawsuit to prevent another restaurant from calling itself McCurry. McDonald's lost in an appeal to Malaysia's highest court, the Federal Court.[264] On December 29, 2016, McDonald's Malaysia issued a statement that said only certified halal cakes are allowed inside its restaurants nationwide.[265]

Australia
In April 2007, in Perth, Western Australia, McDonald's pleaded guilty to five charges relating to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and was fined A$8,000.[266]

United Kingdom
The longest-running legal action of all time in the UK was the McLibel case against two defendants who criticized several aspects of the company. The trial lasted ten years and called 130 witnesses. The European Court of Human Rights deemed that the unequal resources of the litigants breached the defendants' rights to freedom of speech and biased the trial. The result was widely seen as a "PR disaster" for McDonald's.[267]

In the end of November 2013, controversy arose after the Rucka Rucka Ali song "Only 17", a parody of "Just a Dream" by Nelly, was accidentally played uncensored over the speakers at a McDonald's restaurant in Wales.[268][269] Subsequently, McDonald's issued an apology to the offended customers.[270] That same week, Rucka Rucka Ali responded to the controversy on his YouTube channel by jokingly demanding a personal apology from the restaurant.[271]

In 2021, it emerged that at least 50 employees had filed charges against the chains regarding harassment in the workplace in five years, leading to the company instituting anti-harassment training. Some of the complainants also stated that they were verbally and physically harassed in retaliation for their complaints.[272] In 2023, the BBC conducted an investigation, and reported that more than 100 current and recent UK workers at outlets of the fast-food chain allege there is a continuing toxic culture of sexual assault, harassment, racism and bullying.[273]

United States
The 1994 court case Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants examined a McDonald's practice of serving coffee so hot that when spilled, it caused third degree burns requiring weeks of hospitalization and skin grafting surgery.[274][275] The trial outcome was an award of $2.86 million (equivalent to $5.33 million in 2023)[276] for the plaintiff, 81-year old Stella Liebeck.[274][275] The amount was later reduced to $640,000 (equivalent to $1.2 million in 2023). In 2019, a McDonald's employee, Jenna Ries, sued the restaurant chain over allowing sexual harassment in the workplace and described the working environment as "toxic."[277]

In 2023, an investigation by the United States Department of Labor found child labor violations at McDonald's franchises in the state of Kentucky, which involved over 300 children, two of them 10-year-olds. A total of $212,000 was levied against three franchises for the violations.[278] Further investigations uncovered child labor violations involving 83 minors at 16 different locations in Louisiana and Texas, with imposed fines amounting to $77,572.[279]

McDonald's has been criticized for shrinkflation, colloquially dubbed "McFlation," with increases in menu prices far exceeding inflation.[280][281][282][283]

As of 2024, Israeli–Palestinian conflict, McDonald's has experienced a decline in profits due to a global boycott. The boycott started after McDonald's Israel pledged to donate meals to the soldiers of Israel Defense Forces. As a result of the BDS movement, McDonald's bought all 225 Israel owned franchise restaurants.[284][285]

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