Queensgambit. Ideas are plenty and I am sure a better and/or more booked player then me will explain it in detail.
Ideas are plenty, c4 hits the center and also gives the possibility of a Queenside attack. When the c-file opens up white will use it for its rooks.
Black can not try to win that pawn and hold on to it btw
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also common is 1.d4 d5 2.c4... Maybe even more common than your move order.
It does not seem logical, but experienced players know that in almost all situations black will not be able to hold on to that pawn. White's goal would be to develop faster than black in the short term as black wastes a move on taking your C pawn, whilst also allowing white two strong center pawns, which would be a longterm advantage.
Black can not try to win that pawn and hold on to it btw
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That's not entirely true. There are variations were black keeps the pawn.
As the above players say, it's a transposition into the Queen's Gambit.
Msoewulff is correct, 1. d4 d5 2.c4 is the most common move order, but one of the common continuations is then 2. ... e6 3. Nf3, so you end up in the same position.
It's actually very uncommon for black to take the c4 pawn - as Artsew said, it's pretty much impossible to hold the pawn if you do capture it, and white's position more than makes up for it (better development, huge command of the center, looking to get the e pawn to e4). However, by not taking the c4 pawn, black will generally (not always, but generally) end up with a fairly cramped position.
In this openining black must first put sizable effort into equalizing as white screams out of the gate with a positional advantage. It is believed to be more difficult for black to equalize than a game w/ 1.e4...
Black does have plenty of options. If you want to contest the center you could play the Tarrasch. Kingside counter-attack w/ KID. Hyper-modern response of the Nimzo-Indian.
Black can not try to win that pawn and hold on to it btw
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That's not entirely true. There are variations were black keeps the pawn.
I know, but that is white's decision. If I am wrong I am interested in your line, because I don't know it and play the QGA a lot as black.
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After 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 e6 3. c4 dxc5?! black surrenders the center and allows white to play early 4. e4. Having pawns on d4 and e4 ensures white a compensation for a pawn. However 4. e3 is also good. Black is usually not able to hold to the pawn, one way to do this is to play b7-b5 after what white undermines black structure by a2-a4. Also observe, that if white really, really wants, he can win the pawn back immediately after 4. Qa4+ and 5. Qxc4. The main drawback of 3...dxc5?! is that black gives his central d-pawn for a flank c-pawn what gives white an advantage in the center (basically this is why Sicilian is so effective against e4 - it is black who gives is c-pawn for white d-pawn).
But I am not a d4-player, so maybe someone else will be more concrete.
Following d4 d5, Nf3 e6, I notice from exploring that c4 is the mostly made move?
What is the logic? It seems like this is just risking loosing an unprotected pawn?
Why do the majority of players make this move?
Rgds
Will B in Mullumbimby