A couple of drawing openings "refute" 1 e4?
If those defensive lines can be forced then 1.e4 would be considered refuted in so far as playing for a win. However I'm guessing white can avoid those lines lines leading to forced draws.
But this begs another question: If white is happy to draw should his opening still be considered "refuted" because black can happily force a drawn game?
Hmm, surprisingly, 1 ... b5 is my second most played move against 1 e4, and the results aren't bad :)
1...e5 610 43.4% 51.5% 1...b5 15 46.7% 53.3% 1...Nc6 9 33.3% 66.7% 1...c5 3 66.7% 33.3% 1...f6 2 50% 50% 1...Nf6 2 50% 50% 1...e6 1 oldbill - rooperi (2009)That doesn't really surprise me actually...