How do you actually study chess effectively?


i have covered this in my blog
https://www.chess.com/blog/TheMonkPlayingChess/the-first-step
you can refer this

Learn and apply the most important principles of chess. - (core of my teaching)
Always blunder-check your moves.
Solve tactics in the right way.
Analyze your games.
Study games of strong players.
Learn how to be more psychologically resilient.
Work on your time management skills.
Get a coach if you can.

There are things that you can do continuously, things that are fun but also improve your game: the free lesson every week, free puzzles every day.
If you really want to actively study, pick something and learn it. Do you know how to mate with a rook? With 2 bishops? With bishop and knight? Find an article or a video, learn the stuff, then practice against an engine.