Did the Soviets Collude? A Statistical Analysis of Championship Chess 1940-78
http://artsci.wustl.edu/~moul/pdf_drafts/sovietchesscartel.pdf
by Charles C. Moul, Miami University & John V.C. Nye, George Mason University
The authors are respectively Assistant Professor and Professor of Economics and Bastiat Chair in Political Economy.
Spring 2008
Abstract
We expand the set of outcomes considered by the tournament literature to include draws and use games from post-war chess tournaments to see whether strategic behavior can be important in such scenarios. In particular, we examine whether players from the former Soviet Union acted as a cartel in international all-play-all tournaments – intentionally drawing against one another in order to focus effort on non-Soviet opponents – to maximize the chance of some Soviet winning. Using data from international qualifying tournaments as well as USSR national tournaments, we consider several tests for collusion. Our results are inconsistent with Soviet competition but consistent with Soviet draw-collusion that yielded substantial benefits to the cartel. Simulations of the period’s five premier international competitions (the FIDE Candidates tournaments) suggest that the observed Soviet sweep was a 60%-probability event under collusion but only a 25%-probability event had the Soviet players not colluded.
http://artsci.wustl.edu/~moul/pdf_drafts/sovietchesscartel.pdf
38 pages, including references, 10 tables and 2 appendices
FIDE is very strange, Corrupt and suspicious organization!
Since Alechine strange Exit, we has a full range of Chess Paradise in the Chess FIDE County!
First, "Chess Wold" tried eliminates all Soviets Chess Players!
But Botvinnik got the Alechine's Chess Match Letter from sleeve, and it saved Chess Democracy, awhile...
Fine refused to play at the World Chess Match-Tournament!
Reshevskiy played and prayed...
Eive was confused and shined to beat the Soviets, badly!..
Keres 'lost' 4 games from 5 to Botvinnik!?
Smislov just waited his right time at line...
Its was a Dr.Botvinnik Chess Triumph!
After that, Botvinnik didn't played almost 3 years, except some training games with Kan. Botvinnik got "Orden of Lenin" for Science of Electrotechnics from Stalin!
Bronshtein was up-winning the 1951 World Chess Match!
But Draw! As agreed!?? Or as order...
...........