Energy Chains. All elementary particles have three preons and thus three time cycles of two ticks. Every particle must interact with another particle every time cycle. The longest time cycle is Planck’s time for the L preon. This interaction allows the particle’s time cycles to advance to the next cycle. Any two or more elementary particles are an energy chain. Their properties are combined into one particle unit. If a particle does not interact with another particle in its longest time cycle, the cycles will stop and the particle, its energy and preons will return to Zu as unused time. The particle is already sitting in Zu. Most particles are also sitting in a space particle, both are a chain and the chain sits in Zu. An example of the time cycle stopping is a photon leaving the edge of the universe. The first time it does not interact with another space particle because it is outside the edge, the photon’s time cycle stops and it returns to Zu as unused time. We never see any photons from outside our universe. A galaxy, if it is moving outwards faster than the edge is expanding, will disappear as it leaves the edge behind by less than an inch. An energy chain may be any two particles or may be any number of particles. Examples are: two space particles, a space particle and an electron, a positron and an electron, or any number of particles, but normally, one is a space particle. The chain concept comes from the more normal case of a particle moving thru space. A new chain is started each time the particle moves from one space particle to the next space particle. The new chain normally includes the last spock too, so that now there are more than 2 particles. Normally nothing breaks these chains so that they grow very long in all cases. All these particles and preons in the chains are synchronized in time. The spock is built from 3 L preons while the Fermions and Bosons have one/two H preons, so that the ratio in timing is generally R.

Only some interaction with a new particle will break an existing chain. Chains will last a long time even here on earth. An example of this is the two slit electron experiment. The electron from one slit does not run into its own possible path thru the other slit. What it runs into is a chain from a previous electron that passed thru the other slit. Both Fermions and Boson can create a chain by themselves. A fermion can create a boson by itself which it then emits. A Boson which contains the property of charge, color or mass can also create a boson. Both get the energy for the new boson from Zu and both normally are in a space particle or spock.

Energy chains build particle systems from elementary particles. The first systems are built from quarks and gluons. Mesons are two quarks, the Proton and Neutron are three quarks. After that ANY number of quarks will build a system. All isotopes that have a given number of quarks by charge will also have multiple structures. The structure is built very ridged. The spacing between quarks is fixed at one length, R*L. This is the distance across a proton or neutron. Two quarks are on a line, the bosons being exchanged between them interact with the quarks at exactly this distance and time. If the quarks are too far apart, the colors are different and the force pulls then together, if they are too close, the colors are the same and the force pushes them apart. The quarks change color as the bosons, quarks interact. Three quarks are on a plane, the three form a nearly perfect equilateral tringle. This is ALWAYS the structure used and the only structure. For both protons and neutrons, we will consider the triangle base to be the two quarks of the same charge. Thus, if any leg is longer it is this one. Now, to add another quark we find that one CAN NOT be above or below that triangle or we would have all 4 quarks interacting in one system and since there are only three colors, that system is very unstable. The only place we may add another quark is on the plane and since the distance is fixed the 4 quarks will be two equilateral triangles with a side in common. Nature does this in a star. While 4 and 5 quarks do exist, they are very unstable. A star starts out with one quark from each system, neutron, proton at the given distance and a second quark from each system then moves into that fixed distance also and we have N2, H2, He2. These 3 systems all have 4 triangles in common, all on a given plane. Each triangle is held together with the same strength as a neutron or proton as far as color is concerned, all three would be more stable than either a P or N if the charge were not considered. If the base leg is two quarks of the same charge, then that leg should have a longer distance. The timing in the interactions allows that leg a difference in distance of only one L.

Consider just two quarks, at some distance the quarks will change colors. At that point the interaction of a quark and a gluon will change from a force that pushes to one that pulls. This produces the stable distance. If we have 3 legs then that system is more stable because each quark has two forces at an angle of 60 degrees fixing that distance. The base leg varies slightly. Consider the 2 plus charge leg, the proton is more stable than the neutron, so the extra charge, (force) is necessary to improve stability in the case of only two legs.

Let’s start with the PN4 system. This is a proton and a neutron and 4 triangles. Construct two parallel lines whose distance apart is the height of the equilateral triangle. Say the two plus quarks from the proton are on the top line and the negative quark is on the bottom line half way in between the two plus. Now add the neutron on the right so that the two negative quarks are on the bottom line and the plus on the top line is again half way in between and all quarks are the same distance apart on each line and still in a plane. This is the structure of the PN4 particle. We will also need the NPN7 which starts with the PN4 and adds the neutron on the left just as we added it on the right before. The NPN7 has 7 triangles and 15 legs. The two parallel lines now have 4 plus quarks on the top line and 5 negative on the bottom. Both of these two structure build ALL quark systems. Let’s construct an Alpha particle, start with the PN4, take a second PN4 and turn it upside down, and place it above the first such that the distance apart is the same as the distance between parallel lines. From the end, the 4 parallel lines will look like the 4 corners of a perfect square with two corners recessed, either the two plus quarks or negative from either end. This is the alpha particle, (PPNN16). It does exist, but the more common one is a little more refined. Start with two PN4 again place the second above the first and flip top to bottom and then right to left and then shift apart ½ a leg length. This the NPPN14. The differences are that looking in from the ends, one sees the negative quark first and there are no plus quarks with only 2 legs. These two structures, PN4 and NPN7 are the ONLY ones needed to build ALL isotopes. Here are some common properties. 1. There are 3 colors, but they only change in ONE order, ie. 45, 90, and 135 degrees. 2. All the colors are determined by picking 2 colors on any leg and determining all the rest with three different per tringle. 3. The maximum number of legs per quark is 10 in any structure. Two quarks of the same charge on the parallel line and the rest with opposite charge at 60% angles and in 4 perpendicular directions. 4. All the quarks change color ever L tick and all in the same order. 5. Each quark may have gluons around it, but only 2 spocks out. All the legs are energy chains, with gluons, charons, magons and gravitons traveling that distance with each L tick. 6. Each isotope may have MANY different structures. This causes many slightly different energies for the same electron orbit for the same isotope. 7. From the outside you will see either end only with negative quarks first and see some rectangles with perfect squares whose corners are the parallel lines, ALL with alternating plus and minus signs. 8. When the isotope decays with a beta particle, it is the quark that decays, it is not the structure. The quark is a negative one found on the outside with only 2 legs. This implies that all the excess energy from the entire structure is in this one quark on the same L tick. 9. When the negative quark decays it returns to Zu, the positive quark, electron, neutrino may be found at the other end of either positive line that connect with that quark. This then will be part of any alpha particle that decays later. 10. Any plane with 6 or 9 quarks may then remove one corner quark and replace it with one on the other corner and is as complete a structure as the one started with.

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