Mikhail Tal
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Mikhail Tal
Full name
Russian: Mikhail Nekhemievich TalLatvian: Mihails Tāls
Country
Latvia Soviet Union
Born
November 9, 1936Riga, Latvia
Died
June 28, 1992[1] (aged 55) Moscow, Russia
Title
Grandmaster (1957)
World Champion
1960–1961
Mikhail Tal (Latvian: Mihails Tāls; Russian: Михаил Нехемьевич Таль, Mikhail Nekhemievich Tal, IPA: [mʲixa'iɫ̺ n̻ʲɛ'xɛmjɛvʲiʨ t̺al̻]; sometimes transliterated Mihails Tals or Mihail Tal) (November 9, 1936 – June 28, 1992)[1] was a Soviet-Latvian chess player, a Grandmaster, and the eighth World Chess Champion.
He was often called "Misha" (a diminutive for Mikhail) and also "The magician from Riga" for his daring combinational style. Both The Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games (Burgess, Nunn & Emms 2004) and Modern Chess Brilliancies (Evans 1970) include more games by Tal than any other player.
Tal was also a highly-regarded chess writer. Many authorities consider him to have been the greatest attacking player of all time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
1.1 Early years
1.2 Soviet champion
1.3 World champion
1.4 Later achievements
1.5 Team competitions
2 Tournament and match wins (or equal first)
2.1 1950-1966
2.2 1967-1979
2.3 1981-1991
2.4 Score with some major Grandmasters
3 Health problems
4 Playing style
5 Quotations on chess
6 Notable chess games
7 Writings
8 Notes
9 References
9.1 Further reading
9.2 External links
[edit] Career
[edit] Early years
Tal was born in Riga, Latvia. At the age of eight, Tal learned to play chess while watching his father, a doctor. Shortly thereafter he joined the Riga Palace of Young Pioneers chess club. His play was not exceptional at first but he worked hard to improve. Alexander Koblents began tutoring Tal in 1949. Tal's game improved rapidly thereafter, and by 1951 he had qualified for the Latvian Championship. In the 1952 Latvian Championship Tal finished ahead of his trainer. Tal won his first Latvian title in 1953, and was awarded the title of candidate master. He became a Soviet master in 1954 by defeating Vladimir Saigin in a qualifying match. That same year he also scored his first win over a grandmaster when Yuri Averbakh lost on time in a drawn position. Tal graduated in Literature from the University of Riga, writing a thesis on the satirical works of Ilf and Petrov, and taught school in Riga for a time in his early 20s. He was a member of the Daugava Sports Society, and represented Latvia in internal Soviet team competitions.
[edit] Soviet champion
Tal qualified for the USSR Chess Championship final in 1956, finishing joint fifth, and became the youngest player to win it the following year, at the age of 20. He had not played in enough international tournaments to qualify for the title of Grandmaster, but FIDE decided to waive the normal restrictions and award him the title anyway because of his achievement in winning the Soviet Championship.[2]
Tal made three appearances for the USSR at Student Olympiads, from 1956–1958, winning three team gold medals and three board gold medals. He won nineteen games, drew eight, and lost none, for 85.2 percent.[3]
He retained the Soviet Championship title the following year, and competed in the World Chess Championship for the first time. He won the 1958 Interzonal tournament at Portorož, then helped the Soviet Union retain the Chess Olympiad.
[edit] World champion
Tal and Botvinnik, 1960 match
Tal won a very strong tournament at Zürich, 1959. Following the Interzonal, the top players carried on to the Candidates' Tournament, Yugoslavia 1959. Tal showed superior form by winning with 20/28 points, ahead of Paul Keres with 18.5, followed by Tigran Petrosian, Vasily Smyslov, Bobby Fischer, Svetozar Gligorić, Friðrik Ólafsson, and Pal Benko. Tal's victory was attributed to his dominance over the lower half of the field;[4] whilst scoring only one win and three loses versus Keres, he won all four individual games against Fischer, and took 3½ points out of 4 from each of Gligorić, Olafsson, and Benko.[5]
In 1960, at the age of 23, Tal thoroughly defeated the relatively staid and strategic Mikhail Botvinnik in a World Championship match, held in Moscow, by 12.5–8.5 (six wins, two losses, and thirteen draws), making him the youngest-ever world champion (a record later broken by Garry Kasparov, who earned the title at 22). Botvinnik won the return match against Tal in 1961, also held in Moscow, 13–8 (ten wins to five, with six draws). In the period between the matches Botvinnik had thoroughly analyzed Tal's style, and turned most of the return match's games into slow wars of maneuver or endgames, rather than the complicated tactical melees which were Tal's happy hunting ground.[6] Tal's chronic kidney problems contributed to his defeat, and his doctors in Riga advised that he should postpone the match for health reasons. Yuri Averbakh claimed that Botvinnik would agree to a postponement only if Tal was certified unfit by Moscow doctors, and that Tal then decided to play.[7] His short reign atop the chess world made him one of the two so-called "winter kings" who interrupted Botvinnik's long reign from 1948 to 1963 (the other was Smyslov, world champion 1957–1958).
His highest Elo rating was 2705, achieved in 1980. His highest Historical Chessmetrics Rating was 2799, in September 1960. This capped his torrid stretch which had begun in early 1957.
[edit] Later achievements
Mikhail Tal, 1971
Immediately after he lost his title back to Botvinnik, Tal won the 1961 Bled supertournament, ahead of a star-studded field which included Fischer, Petrosian, Keres, Gligorić, Efim Geller, and Miguel Najdorf.
Subsequently Tal played in several Candidates' Tournaments. In 1962 at Curaçao, he had serious health problems, having undergone a major operation shortly before the tournament, and had to withdraw three-quarters of the way through, scoring just 7 out of 21. In 1965, he lost the final match against Boris Spassky, after defeating Lajos Portisch and Bent Larsen. He lost a 1968 semi-final match against Viktor Korchnoi, after defeating Gligoric. Health worries caused a slump in his play from late 1968 to late 1969, but he recovered his form after having a kidney removed. He won the 1979 Riga Interzonal with a dominant score of 14/17, but the next year he lost a quarter-final match against Lev Polugaevsky, one of the players to hold a positive score against him. He also played in the 1985 Montpellier Candidates' Tournament, a round-robin of 16 qualifiers, finishing in a tie for fourth and fifth places, and narrowly missing further advancement after drawing a playoff match with Jan Timman. He later defeated Timman in a 1988 exhibition match.
From July 1972 to April 1973, Tal played a record 86 consecutive games without a loss (47 wins and 39 draws). Between October 23, 1973 and October 16, 1974, he played 95 consecutive games without a loss (46 wins and 49 draws), shattering his previous record. These are the two longest unbeaten streaks in modern chess history.[8]
A measure of Tal's strength also in his later years is given by his excellent score against Karpov in tournament games: one loss and nineteen draws out of 20 games they played, arguably the best score of any player against Karpov apart of course from Kasparov. One of Tal's greatest achievements during his later career was an equal first place with Anatoly Karpov (whom he seconded in a number of tournaments and world championships) in the 1979 Montreal "Tournament of Stars", one of the strongest events held in the 1960-1970s.
Tal played in 21 Soviet Championships[9], winning it a record six times (1957, 1958, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1978), a number only equalled by Botvinnik. He was also a five-time winner of the International Chess Tournament in Tallinn, Estonia, with victories in 1971, 1973, 1977, 1981, and 1983.
Tal was also a formidable blitz chess player. In 1970 he took second place to Bobby Fischer (who scored a sensational 19/22) in a super-strong blitz tournament at Herceg Novi, Yugoslavia. In 1988, aged 51, he won the second official World Blitz Championship (the first was won by Kasparov the previous year in Brussels) at Saint John, ahead of such players as Garry Kasparov, the reigning world champion, and ex-champion Anatoly Karpov. In the last decisive match he defeated Rafael Vaganian by 4-0.
[edit] Team competitions
Fischer versus Tal at the 1960 Olympiad
In Olympiad play, Mikhail Tal was a member of eight gold medal winning Soviet teams (1958, 1960, 1962, 1966, 1972, 1974, 1980, and 1982), won sixty-five games, drew thirty-four, and lost only two games (81.2 percent). This percentage makes him the player with the best score among those participating in at least four Olympiads. Individually, Tal won seven Olympiad board medals, including five gold (1958, 1962, 1966, 1972, 1974), and two silver (1960, 1982).[3]
Tal also represented the Soviet Union at six European Team Championships (1957, 1961, 1970, 1973, 1977, 1980), winning team gold medals each time, and three board gold medals (1957, 1970, and 1977). He scored 14 wins, 20 draws, and three losses, for 64.9 percent.[3] Tal played board nine for the USSR in the first match against the Rest of the World team at Belgrade 1970, scoring 2 out of 4. He was on board seven for the USSR in the second match against the Rest of the World team at London 1984, scoring 2 out of 3. The USSR won both team matches. He was an Honoured Master of Sport.[10]
From 1950 (when he won the Latvian junior championship) to 1991 Tal won or tied for first in 68 tournaments (see table below). During his 41-years career he played about 2,700 tournament or match games, scoring over 65 percent.
[edit] Tournament and match wins (or equal first)
[edit] 1950-1966
Year Tournament Match / Team competition
1950
Riga - Latvia Junior championship, 1st
1953
Riga - 10th Latvian championship, 1st (14,5/19)
1955
Riga - 23rd Soviet Championship Semifinal, 1st (12,5/18)
1956
Uppsala - World students team championship, board 3 (6/7)
1957
Moscow - 24th URS-ch, 1st (14/21)
Reykjavik - Wch-team students, board 1 (8,5/10)Baden/Vienna - European Team Championship, board 4, 1st-2nd (3/5)
1958
Riga - 25th URS-ch, 1st (12/19)Portorož - Interzonal, 1st (13,5/20)
Varna- Wch-team students, board 1 (8,5/10)Munich Olympiad, board 5 (13,5/15)
1959
Riga - Latvian Olympiad, 1st (7/7)Zürich tournament, 1st (11,5/15)Bled-Zagreb-Belgrade - Candidates tournament, 1st (20/28)
1960
Hamburg - Match Germany vs USSR, 1st (7,5/8) Moscow - Match for the World title with Mikhail Botvinnik: (+6 -2 =13)
1960/61
Stockholm tournament, 1st (9,5/11)
1961
Bled tournament, 1st (14,5/19)
1962
Varna Olympiad, board 6 (10/13)
1963
Miskolc tournament, 1st (12,5/15)
1963/64
Hastings Premier tournament, 1st (7/9)
1964
Reykjavik tournament, 1st (12,5/13)Amsterdam Interzonal, 1st-4th (17/23)Kislovodsk tournament, 1st (7,5/10)
1965
Riga, Latvian championship, 1st (10/13)
Match with Lajos Portisch: (+4 -1 =3) Match with Bent Larsen: (+3 -2 =5)
1966
Sarajevo tournament, 1st-2nd (11/15)Palma de Mallorca tournament, 1st (12/15)
La Habana Olympiad, board 3 (12/13)
[edit] 1967-1979
Year Tournament Match / Team competition
1967
Kharkov 35th URS-ch, = 1st (12/15)
1968
Gori tournament, 1st (7,5/10)
Belgrade, Match with Svetozar Gligoric: (+3 -1 =5)
1969/70
Tbilisi, Goglidze memorial tournament, 1st-2nd (10,5/15)
1970
Poti - Georgian Open championship (hors concours), 1st (11/14)Sochi - Grandmasters vs Young Masters, 1st (10,5/14)
Kapfenberg, European Team Championship, board 6 (5/6)
1971
Tallinn tournament, 1st-2nd (11,5/15)
1972
Sukhumi tournament, 1st (11/15)Baku 40th URS-ch, 1st (15/21)
Skopje Olympiad, board 4 (14/16)
1973
Wijk aan Zee tournament, 1st (10,5/15) Tallinn tournament, 1st (12/15) Sochi - Chigorin memorial, 1st (11/15)Dubna tournament, 1st-2nd (10/15)
1973/74
Hastings tournament, 1st-4th (10/15)
1974
Lublin tournament, 1st (12,5/15)Halle tournament, 1st (11,5/15)Novi Sad tournament, 1st (11,5/15) Leningrad 42nd URS-ch, = 1st (9,5/15)
Nice Olympiad, board 5 (11,5/15) Moscow, USSR Club Team Championship, board 1, 1st (6,5/9)
1977
Tallin - Keres memorial, 1st (11,5/17)Leningrad 60th October Rev., 1st-2nd (11,5/17) Sochi - Chigorin memorial, 1st (11/15)
1978
Tbilisi 46th URS-ch, 1st (11/17)
1979
Montreal tournament, 1st-2nd (12/18) Riga Interzonal, 1st (14/17)
[edit] 1981-1991
Year Tournament
1981
Tallinn - Keres memorial, 1stMalaga tournament, 1st Riga tournament, 1st (11/15)Porz tournament, 1stLviv tournament, 1st-2nd
1982
Moscow - Alekhine memorial, 1st (9/13)Erevan tournament, 1st (10/15) Sochi - Chigorin memorial, 1st (10/15)Pforzheim tournament, 1st (9/11)
1983
Tallinn - Keres memorial, 1st (10/15)
1984
Albena tournament, 1st-2nd (7/11)
1985
Jurmala tournament, 1st (9/13)
1986
West Berlin open, 1st-2nd (7,5/9) Tbilisi - Goglidze memorial, 1st-2nd (9/13)
1987
Termas de Rio Hondo (Brazil), 1st (8/11) Jurmala tournament, 1st-4th (7,5/13)
1988
Chicago open, 1st 2nd World blitz Championship at Saint John: 1st
1991
Buenos Aires - Najdorf memorial, 1st-3rd (8,5/13)Porz open, =4th (7/9)
[edit] Score with some major Grandmasters
Only official tournament or match games have been taken into account. The sign "+" means that Tal won those games.
Mikhail Botvinnik: +11 -12 =20
Vasily Smyslov: + 3 - 4 =21
David Bronstein: + 8 - 5 =18
Paul Keres: + 4 - 8 =20
Tigran Petrosian: + 6 - 9 =27
Boris Spassky: + 6 - 9 =25
Bobby Fischer: + 4 - 2 =5
Viktor Korchnoi: + 7 - 11 =5
Efim Geller: + 6 - 6 =23
Lajos Portisch: + 9 - 5 =18
Bent Larsen: +12 - 7 =18
Anatoly Karpov: + 0 - 1 =19