Sounds like you've already done several of the first things I would have suggested - especially re: getting it off the other device.
Perhaps try... disabling notifications altogether. Close the app (totally), from the multi-tasking bar. Reinstall from the Store. Enable desired notifications.
That's as clean a start as I can think of... :)
To begin I'd like to say I've had this problem for some time, and was just waiting for the new update to come out (which has done tonight by the way, and a brilliant job on the Live chess it works brilliantly) to see if it would fix the problem. I've not been recieving push notifications for about two months ever since I downloaded the chess.com app onto my girlfriends iPhone which I had taken by mistake. Ever since I did this I only get badges coming up after I've already loaded the app but not before. I deleted the app off my girlfriends iPhone the same day. I've tried deleted the app and reinstalling it on my phone but still no joy. Can anyone with help? It's really bugging me now.