Chess history

Chess or International Chess ( English : chess , Chinese :国际象棋), sometimes called international chess to distinguish it from variants such as Chinese chess , is a board game for two players. [1]

Having evolved from similar ancient games originating in India and Persia , the current form of chess emerged in Southern Europe in the second half of the 15th century . Today, chess is one of the most popular games in the world, played by millions of people worldwide at home, in clubs , online , by correspondence , and in tournaments . Chess is popular in many countries, especially in Russia . [2]

The game uses a square board divided into 64 smaller squares with 8 rows and 8 rows. Each player starts with 16 pieces, including 8 pawns, 2 knights, 2 bishops, 2 rooks , 1 queen , and 1 king . [ 3 ]

The player's goal is to try to checkmate the opponent's king. A king is said to be "checkmated" when it is in check with no way to escape. When a player is checkmated, the game ends or in other words, that player has lost. [4]

There are also some cases where the game can end in a draw . During the game, two players take turns moving one of their pieces to another position on the board. One player holds the white pieces and the other holds the black pieces. There are certain rules about moving the pieces as well as capturing the opponent's pieces. The player holding the white pieces goes first. Therefore, the player holding the white pieces will usually have a small advantage and a higher win rate. [5]

Chess in its organized form emerged in the 19th century . Today, international chess competition is governed by FIDE (International Chess Federation). In 1886, Wilhelm Steinitz became the first internationally recognized World Chess Champion ; and to date, the current world champion is Ding Liren . A large part of chess theory has been developed since the game's inception. Many artistic aspects are found in chess composition; chess has influenced Western culture and art, as well as having connections with other fields such as mathematics , computer science , and psychology .

One of the early goals of computer scientists was to create a chess-playing machine . In 1997, after defeating Garry Kasparov in a match , Deep Blue became the first computer to defeat a reigning world champion. Although not perfect, today's chess engines are significantly more powerful than even the best human players, and have had a profound impact on the development of chess theory.

Chess is not a game of chance, it is based purely on tactics and strategy . However, the game is so complex that even the best players cannot calculate all the possibilities: although there are only 64 squares and 32 pieces on the board, the number of possible moves far exceeds the number of atoms in the universe . [6]

Chess is one of the most popular intellectual games in the world; it is referred to not only as a game but also as an art , a science , and a sport . Chess is sometimes viewed as an abstract war game ; as well as a "battle of the intellect", and the playing of chess is seen as a way to train thinking and character. Chess is played for recreation as well as competitively in chess clubs , tournaments, online, and by mail. Many variations and games similar to chess are played around the world. Among the most popular, in descending order of number of players, are xiangqi ( Chinese chess ), shōgi ( Japanese chess ), janggi ( Korean chess ), and makruk ( Thai chess ). The original form of chess in India was called chaturaṅga ( Sanskrit : चतुरङ्ग ), a Sanskrit word for army . The Gupta pieces were divided like their armies into infantry , cavalry , elephants , and chariots. Over time, these pieces became pawns, bishops, knights, and rooks. Chaturanga was played on an unmarked 8×8 board, called an ashtāpada.[15] The game spread east and west along the Silk Road. The earliest evidence of chess is found in nearby Sasanian Persia around 600 AD, and is known as chatrang . Chatrang was introduced into the Islamic world after the Muslim conquest of Persia (633–51), and was named shatranj . In Spanish, "shatranj" is written as ajedrez ("al-shatranj"), in Portuguese as xadrez and in Greek as ζατρίκιον ( zatrikion , derived directly from the Persian chatrang ), [16] but in the rest of Europe it is replaced by versions of the Persian shāh ( "king"). [17] There is a theory that the name change occurred because before chess reached Europe, merchants came to Europe and brought decorated kings as rare objects and with them the name shāh , which was mispronounced in various ways by Europeans. Checkmate : In English, checkmate is a translation of the phrase shāh māt , which in Persian means "the king is out of options". In Arabic it means "shāh is dead", but shāh is not a common Arabic word for "king" (except sometimes in chess). Chariot : In English it is rook . It comes through Arabic from the Persian word rukh , which means "horse-drawn chariot", but also means "cheek" (part of the face ) and also means a mythical bird with powers called the roc . Bishop : In English it is bishop . The Arabic al-fīl (from the Persian pīl ) means "elephant", but in Europe and the western part of the Islamic world at that time little or nothing was known about elephants and the name of the piece came to Western Europe in the Latin form alfinus and the like, a word that has no meaning (in Spanish it evolved into the name alfil ). The English name bishop is an invented renaming after its conventional shape, the mitre of a church bishop. However, in Russia the name of this piece is slon = "elephant". Queen : In English is queen . Persian farzīn = vizia - high official in the ancient Islamic world, similar to vizier which became Arabic firzān , it came to Europe in forms like alfferza , fers etc but was later replaced by "queen". Chess came to Russia by way of the Mongols , where it was played as early as the 7th century . It was introduced to Spain by the Moors in the 10th century , and was described in the famous 13th-century manuscript on chess, backgammon , and dice games called the Libro de los juegos . Chess also traveled overland through Siberia to Alaska .

Cờ tướng là hình thức cờ vua nổi tiếng nhất ở Trung Quốc. Sự di cư về phía đông của cờ vua, đến Trung Quốc và Đông Nam Á, thậm chí có ít tài liệu hơn so với sự di cư của nó về phía tây, khiến việc này phần lớn được phỏng đoán. Từ "Tượng kỳ" (象棋) ở Trung Quốc được dùng để chỉ một trò chơi muộn nhất là từ năm 569 sau Công Nguyên, nhưng người ta vẫn chưa chứng minh được trò chơi này có liên quan trực tiếp đến cờ vua hay không.[18][19] Tài liệu tham khảo đầu tiên về cờ tướng xuất hiện trong một cuốn sách có tựa đề Huyền quái lục 玄怪錄 ("Kỷ lục về Bí ẩn và Kỳ lạ"), có niên đại khoảng năm 800. Ngoài ra, một số người cho rằng cờ vua sinh ra từ trò chơi tương tự của cờ Trung Quốc, hoặc ít nhất là từ tổ tiên của cờ tướng,[20] là môn đã tồn tại ở Trung Quốc kể từ thế kỷ 2 TCN, mặc dù điều này bị tranh cãi.[21] Joseph Needham và David Li là hai trong số nhiều học giả theo thuyết này. Cuối cùng, người Trung Quốc cho rằng cờ vua bắt nguồn từ cờ tướng Mãn Châu do nhà Thanh sáng lập. Tuy nhiên, Tượng kỳ dường như thể hiện một số đặc điểm nội tại giúp việc xây dựng một con đường tiến hóa từ Trung Quốc đến Ấn Độ/Ba Tư dễ dàng hơn so với hướng ngược lại.[22] The rules of chess are published by FIDE ( Fédération Internationale des Échecs ) in a Handbook and were last revised in 2018. Rules published by national governing bodies, or by unaffiliated chess organizations, commercial publishers, etc., may differ in some details. Chess is played on a square board consisting of eight ranks [ 23 ] numbered from 1 to 8 and eight files [ 24] numbered from a to h . By convention , the 64 squares are alternately colored and are called light and dark squares ( or white and black squares); common board colors are white and black, [25] white and brown, [26] [27] or white and dark green. [28] Squares on the same diagonal row are of the same color. [29] The chessboard is arranged in the same way as in the picture and diagram. Thus, the white pieces will be arranged in the first row (row 1) in order from left to right (from a to h ) respectively: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. The second row is arranged with 8 white pawns. [30] The arrangement of the black pieces is completely symmetrical with the white pieces in the last two rows. [31] The chessboard will be placed in the correct rows and columns as in the diagram. However, there are some cases where the chessboard will not be numbered or marked. In that case, the chessboard will be placed according to the "right light square" principle, meaning that the bottom right corner square of the player is always a light square. [32] In addition to the rook, the knight, and the bishop always stand symmetrically to each other, the exact positions of the king and queen are remembered according to the principle " the queen of which color stands on the same square ", meaning " the white queen on the white square, the black queen on the black square ". [33] knight). The King (international symbol is K - King ) is the most important piece, if the king is lost, the player loses the game. Each time it moves, it can capture pieces or move to the squares surrounding the square it currently occupies, but it cannot go to the square occupied by its own piece or the squares controlled by the opponent's piece. The only exception is castling . In this case, it can move two squares at the same time as moving its rook so that the rook is next to it towards the center column. The symbols for castling are 0-0 (close castling) and 0-0-0 (far castling). See also castling . Note: When castling in practice, according to FIDE rules , the king must always be moved first and done with only one hand. When capturing an opponent's piece, the attacking piece moves to that square and replaces the opponent's piece there, with the only exception being capturing a pawn en passant . The captured piece is removed from the board. The king cannot be left undefended from check, so when in check the player must take measures to save the king (move the king from the check position, capture the piece in check, or use another piece to block the check if possible). If the player cannot make a move to save the king, the player is in check and loses. Chess games do not always end in checkmate. One side may surrender, or lose due to timeout or a violation of the rules. Draws can occur. A chess game is a draw when: by agreement of both sides, because neither side dares to take risks, or when there is not enough force to checkmate, when it falls into a state of no moves ( stalemate ) , when both sides repeat a move three times, or when the 50-move rule ( perpetual check ) is used. Children's Chess Tournament in Minnesota , USA , 2009 In the endgame , the pawns and kings become relatively stronger because the heavy and light pieces on both sides are significantly reduced. Both sides then tend to move their pawns quickly to promote them. If one player has a clear advantage in terms of force, checkmate is just a matter of time and the game will end quickly, but if the game is relatively balanced in terms of force, mastering endgame tactics is very important. In timed chess tournaments, controlling the tempo (time for each move) is extremely important when there are few pieces left on the board. In many cases, the player with the advantage in force loses the game because of running out of time . In addition, when the force is not enough to checkmate and both have made the required number of moves according to the time without moving a pawn, the game leads to a draw (50 moves). For example, if a player has 1 king and 2 knights, in most cases it is impossible to checkmate an opponent who only has 1 king left (there is one exception). Variations of the game format fix Besides the standard format of chess, there are many other popular formats in chess games. Rapid chess is a form of chess in which the time limit for each player is short. Generally each player has between 3 and 15 minutes (5 minutes is most common) for all moves. A faster form is blitz chess . The time limit is less than 3 minutes. Rapid chess requires players to think quickly or they may lose because of running out of time. In rapid chess, computers have an advantage over humans. When two people are far apart, they can still play chess together. Correspondence chess is a type of chess played through letters , e-mail or special correspondence chess servers . Nowadays, chess is commonly played on the Internet through the Internet Chess Club , Yahoo! Games or online chess sites such as Chess.com or Lichess.org.  Search Cờ vua A game, a sport for 2 players and using the mind to defeat the opponent's chess pieces Language Download PDF Monitor Revision Chess or International Chess ( English : chess , Chinese :国际象棋), sometimes called international chess to distinguish it from variants such as Chinese chess , is a board game for two players. [1] Having evolved from similar ancient games originating in India and Persia , the current form of chess emerged in Southern Europe in the second half of the 15th century . Today, chess is one of the most popular games in the world, played by millions of people worldwide at home, in clubs , online , by correspondence , and in tournaments . Chess is popular in many countries, especially in Russia . [2] Chess Left to right: White King , Black Rook , Black Queen , White Pawn , Black Knight and White Bishop . Years of operationc. 15th century to present (precursor about 900 years earlier)Game typeBoard Game Abstract Strategy Mind SportsPlayer2Playing timeA typical chess game usually lasts from 10 to 60 minutes. Chess matches can last from 10 minutes ( Rapid Chess) đến 6 giờ trở lên.Random ChanceAre notRequired SkillsStrategy , Tactics The game uses a square board divided into 64 smaller squares with 8 rows and 8 rows. Each player starts with 16 pieces, including 8 pawns, 2 knights, 2 bishops, 2 rooks , 1 queen , and 1 king . [ 3 ] The player's goal is to try to checkmate the opponent's king. A king is said to be "checkmated" when it is in check with no way to escape. When a player is checkmated, the game ends or in other words, that player has lost. [4] There are also some cases where the game can end in a draw . During the game, two players take turns moving one of their pieces to another position on the board. One player holds the white pieces and the other holds the black pieces. There are certain rules about moving the pieces as well as capturing the opponent's pieces. The player holding the white pieces goes first. Therefore, the player holding the white pieces will usually have a small advantage and a higher win rate. [5] Chess in its organized form emerged in the 19th century . Today, international chess competition is governed by FIDE (International Chess Federation). In 1886, Wilhelm Steinitz became the first internationally recognized World Chess Champion ; and to date, the current world champion is Ding Liren . A large part of chess theory has been developed since the game's inception. Many artistic aspects are found in chess composition; chess has influenced Western culture and art, as well as having connections with other fields such as mathematics , computer science , and psychology . One of the early goals of computer scientists was to create a chess-playing machine . In 1997, after defeating Garry Kasparov in a match , Deep Blue became the first computer to defeat a reigning world champion. Although not perfect, today's chess engines are significantly more powerful than even the best human players, and have had a profound impact on the development of chess theory. Introduce fix Chess is not a game of chance, it is based purely on tactics and strategy . However, the game is so complex that even the best players cannot calculate all the possibilities: although there are only 64 squares and 32 pieces on the board, the number of possible moves far exceeds the number of atoms in the universe . [6] Chess is one of the most popular intellectual games in the world; it is referred to not only as a game but also as an art , a science , and a sport . Chess is sometimes viewed as an abstract war game ; as well as a "battle of the intellect", and the playing of chess is seen as a way to train thinking and character. Chess is played for recreation as well as competitively in chess clubs , tournaments, online, and by mail. Many variations and games similar to chess are played around the world. Among the most popular, in descending order of number of players, are xiangqi ( Chinese chess ), shōgi ( Japanese chess ), janggi ( Korean chess ), and makruk ( Thai chess ). History fix Young Persian man playing chess with two servants . Illustration for Jami 's "Haft Awrang" (Seven Throne) between 1556 and 1565, in Fathers Telling Sons About Love at the Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Museum, Washington, DC.Knights Templar playing chess, Libro de los jegos , 1283 The earliest documents mentioning the origins of chess date from the early 7th century: three versions written in Pahlavi ( Middle Persian ) [7] and one in Sanskrit , the Harshacharita . [8] Trong những văn bản này, Chatrang-namak là đại diện cho một trong những tài liệu viết về cờ vua sớm nhất. Bozorgmehr giải thích rằng Chatrang, từ Pahlavi để chỉ cờ vua, đã được du nhập vào Ba Tư bởi 'Dewasarm, một nhà cai trị vĩ đại của Ấn Độ' dưới thời trị vì của Khosrau I.[9] Đến thế kỷ 20, đã có một sự đồng thuận lớn từ các nhà sử học[10][11] rằng cờ vua lần đầu tiên được chơi ở miền bắc Ấn Độ trong thời Đế chế Gupta vào thế kỷ thứ 7.[12][13] Gần đây, sự đồng thuận này đã trở thành một chủ đề được xem xét kỹ lưỡng hơn.[14] The original form of chess in India was called chaturaṅga ( Sanskrit : चतुरङ्ग ), a Sanskrit word for army . The Gupta pieces were divided like their armies into infantry , cavalry , elephants , and chariots. Over time, these pieces became pawns, bishops, knights, and rooks. Chaturanga was played on an unmarked 8×8 board, called an ashtāpada.[15] The game spread east and west along the Silk Road. The earliest evidence of chess is found in nearby Sasanian Persia around 600 AD, and is known as chatrang . Chatrang was introduced into the Islamic world after the Muslim conquest of Persia (633–51), and was named shatranj . In Spanish, "shatranj" is written as ajedrez ("al-shatranj"), in Portuguese as xadrez and in Greek as ζατρίκιον ( zatrikion , derived directly from the Persian chatrang ), [16] but in the rest of Europe it is replaced by versions of the Persian shāh ( "king"). [17] There is a theory that the name change occurred because before chess reached Europe, merchants came to Europe and brought decorated kings as rare objects and with them the name shāh , which was mispronounced in various ways by Europeans. Checkmate : In English, checkmate is a translation of the phrase shāh māt , which in Persian means "the king is out of options". In Arabic it means "shāh is dead", but shāh is not a common Arabic word for "king" (except sometimes in chess). Chariot : In English it is rook . It comes through Arabic from the Persian word rukh , which means "horse-drawn chariot", but also means "cheek" (part of the face ) and also means a mythical bird with powers called the roc . Bishop : In English it is bishop . The Arabic al-fīl (from the Persian pīl ) means "elephant", but in Europe and the western part of the Islamic world at that time little or nothing was known about elephants and the name of the piece came to Western Europe in the Latin form alfinus and the like, a word that has no meaning (in Spanish it evolved into the name alfil ). The English name bishop is an invented renaming after its conventional shape, the mitre of a church bishop. However, in Russia the name of this piece is slon = "elephant". Queen : In English is queen . Persian farzīn = vizia - high official in the ancient Islamic world, similar to vizier which became Arabic firzān , it came to Europe in forms like alfferza , fers etc but was later replaced by "queen". Chess came to Russia by way of the Mongols , where it was played as early as the 7th century . It was introduced to Spain by the Moors in the 10th century , and was described in the famous 13th-century manuscript on chess, backgammon , and dice games called the Libro de los juegos . Chess also traveled overland through Siberia to Alaska . Cờ tướng là hình thức cờ vua nổi tiếng nhất ở Trung Quốc. Sự di cư về phía đông của cờ vua, đến Trung Quốc và Đông Nam Á, thậm chí có ít tài liệu hơn so với sự di cư của nó về phía tây, khiến việc này phần lớn được phỏng đoán. Từ "Tượng kỳ" (象棋) ở Trung Quốc được dùng để chỉ một trò chơi muộn nhất là từ năm 569 sau Công Nguyên, nhưng người ta vẫn chưa chứng minh được trò chơi này có liên quan trực tiếp đến cờ vua hay không.[18][19] Tài liệu tham khảo đầu tiên về cờ tướng xuất hiện trong một cuốn sách có tựa đề Huyền quái lục 玄怪錄 ("Kỷ lục về Bí ẩn và Kỳ lạ"), có niên đại khoảng năm 800. Ngoài ra, một số người cho rằng cờ vua sinh ra từ trò chơi tương tự của cờ Trung Quốc, hoặc ít nhất là từ tổ tiên của cờ tướng,[20] là môn đã tồn tại ở Trung Quốc kể từ thế kỷ 2 TCN, mặc dù điều này bị tranh cãi.[21] Joseph Needham và David Li là hai trong số nhiều học giả theo thuyết này. Cuối cùng, người Trung Quốc cho rằng cờ vua bắt nguồn từ cờ tướng Mãn Châu do nhà Thanh sáng lập. Tuy nhiên, Tượng kỳ dường như thể hiện một số đặc điểm nội tại giúp việc xây dựng một con đường tiến hóa từ Trung Quốc đến Ấn Độ/Ba Tư dễ dàng hơn so với hướng ngược lại.[22] Rule fix The rules of chess are published by FIDE ( Fédération Internationale des Échecs ) in a Handbook and were last revised in 2018. Rules published by national governing bodies, or by unaffiliated chess organizations, commercial publishers, etc., may differ in some details. Establish fix abcdefgh8                                  877665544332211abcdIt isfgh Initial positions of the pieces. First row (bottom): rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. Second row: pawns Chessboard before the opening. The pieces are divided into two sets of different colors. Although they are often referred to as "white" and "black," the colors of the pieces are not always strictly white or black (for example, light pieces may be yellowish or off-white, and dark pieces may be brown or red). The players are also referred to as White and Black , respectively. Each set consists of 16 pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. Chess is played on a square board consisting of eight ranks [ 23 ] numbered from 1 to 8 and eight files [ 24] numbered from a to h . By convention , the 64 squares are alternately colored and are called light and dark squares ( or white and black squares); common board colors are white and black, [25] white and brown, [26] [27] or white and dark green. [28] Squares on the same diagonal row are of the same color. [29] The chessboard is arranged in the same way as in the picture and diagram. Thus, the white pieces will be arranged in the first row (row 1) in order from left to right (from a to h ) respectively: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. The second row is arranged with 8 white pawns. [30] The arrangement of the black pieces is completely symmetrical with the white pieces in the last two rows. [31] The chessboard will be placed in the correct rows and columns as in the diagram. However, there are some cases where the chessboard will not be numbered or marked. In that case, the chessboard will be placed according to the "right light square" principle, meaning that the bottom right corner square of the player is always a light square. [32] In addition to the rook, the knight, and the bishop always stand symmetrically to each other, the exact positions of the king and queen are remembered according to the principle " the queen of which color stands on the same square ", meaning " the white queen on the white square, the black queen on the black square ". [33] Move the chess pieces fix Chess piecesKingQueenCarStatueCodeTốt In a game, the distribution of the chess pieces to the players is decided by the organizer. In an informal game, the distribution of the black and white pieces is decided randomly, either by tossing a coin, or by one player hiding a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other and letting the opponent choose. [1] The player with the white pieces moves first, then the players take turns, moving one piece at a time (except in castling , when both pieces move at the same time). A piece is moved to an empty square (or one without one's own pieces). If the square is occupied by an opponent's piece, the opponent's piece is captured and removed from the game. With the sole exception of capturing a pawn in transit , all pieces can capture an opponent's piece only by moving to the square it occupies. Movement is mandatory; a player may not skip a turn, even if it is disadvantageous to do so . Each piece has its own way of moving. In the diagram, dots mark the squares that a piece can move to if there are no pieces in its path (except for the knight, which jumps over any intervening piece). All pieces except the pawn can capture an enemy piece if it is on a square they can move to. Squares that a pawn can capture an enemy piece are marked in the diagram with black crosses. King 's mobility abcdefgh8           877665544332211abcdIt isfgh Vehicle Mobility abcdIt isfgh8               877665544332211abcdIt isfgh Khả năng di chuyển của Tượng abcdIt isfgh8 877665544332211abcdIt isfgh Hau 's mobility abcdIt isfgh8                              877665544332211abcdIt isfgh Code Mobility abcdIt isfgh8           877665544332211abcdIt isfgh Pawn mobility abcdIt isfgh8 877665544332211abcdIt isfgh The pieces have different moves: The rook (international symbol R ) moves in a straight line along a column or row to an empty square with no pieces blocking its path or to a square occupied by an opponent's piece (captured piece), but it cannot overtake a piece occupying that square. The only exception is castling . In this case, it can jump over its king to stand next to it. Only rooks can do this. See also castling . The bishop (international symbol B - Bishop ) moves diagonally to the square of the same color using the same principle as the rook to an empty square or a square occupied by an opponent's piece (captures a piece). The queen (international symbol Q - Queen ) has a move that is a simple combination of the movements of the rook and the bishop. In one move it can move diagonally or in a straight line along a column or row, with the same principle of moving and capturing as the bishop and rook. The Knight (international symbol N - Knight ) can move to an empty square or a square occupied by an opponent's piece (captured piece) in an L -shape (3×2 or 2×3 rectangle). The Knight cannot be blocked like in Chinese chess . A pawn (without a symbol) may move straight forward only one square at a time to an unoccupied square (moving without capturing), but when moving to capture an opponent's piece it moves diagonally. For example, a white pawn on c4 may capture the opponent's piece on b5 or d5 if either of these squares is occupied by an opponent's piece, or move down to c5 if the latter is unoccupied, except in the following two cases: It can move one or two squares if it moves from its starting position to an unoccupied square, but it cannot jump over another piece to reach that square. For example, the white pawn on g2 can move to g3 or g4 if this is its first move and these squares are unoccupied, but it cannot move to g4 if g3 is already occupied by a piece. In the case when a white pawn reaches the 5th rank (for example, e5) and a black pawn on one of the two columns adjacent to the column occupied by the white pawn (in the given case, d and f) moves from its initial position (d7 or f7) and jumps two squares to d5/f5, the white pawn at e5 has the right to capture the black pawn at d5/f5 on the next move and move to d6/f6. This right is automatically lost if the white pawn moves another piece on the next move. The same applies to the black pawn when it occupies the 4th rank. This is the case that in chess is called capturing a pawn in transit ( en passant ). Another characteristic of a pawn is that when it moves to the last rank, the player has the right to promote it to any heavy or light piece (queen, rook, bishop, knight). The King (international symbol is K - King ) is the most important piece, if the king is lost, the player loses the game. Each time it moves, it can capture pieces or move to the squares surrounding the square it currently occupies, but it cannot go to the square occupied by its own piece or the squares controlled by the opponent's piece. The only exception is castling . In this case, it can move two squares at the same time as moving its rook so that the rook is next to it towards the center column. The symbols for castling are 0-0 (close castling) and 0-0-0 (far castling). See also castling . Note: When castling in practice, according to FIDE rules , the king must always be moved first and done with only one hand. When capturing an opponent's piece, the attacking piece moves to that square and replaces the opponent's piece there, with the only exception being capturing a pawn en passant . The captured piece is removed from the board. The king cannot be left undefended from check, so when in check the player must take measures to save the king (move the king from the check position, capture the piece in check, or use another piece to block the check if possible). If the player cannot make a move to save the king, the player is in check and loses. Chess games do not always end in checkmate. One side may surrender, or lose due to timeout or a violation of the rules. Draws can occur. A chess game is a draw when: by agreement of both sides, because neither side dares to take risks, or when there is not enough force to checkmate, when it falls into a state of no moves ( stalemate ) , when both sides repeat a move three times, or when the 50-move rule ( perpetual check ) is used. Strategy and tactics fix The opening is a series of moves at the beginning of the game, usually following a certain method, that helps the player build positions and develop pieces in preparation for the middle game . The usual openings are built on the principle of occupying the center of the board (including the 4 central squares e4, e5, d4 and d5), developing pieces, protecting the king and creating a strong pawn structure. The modern view of chess is that control of the center is not only achieved by pawns but also by the strength of other pieces. A very important way to protect the king and quickly deploy rooks is to castle to put the king in a position that is difficult to attack, however, castling is not necessary in every game. See also List of chess openings for more information. abcdefgh8         877665544332211abcdIt isfgh The Black Knight on e6 is pinned by the White Bishop on f5 to the Black King on c8 and the White Knight on b4 is pinned by the Black Rook on b8 to the White King on b1. Determining the value of a piece is an important part of making a change in chess. The values ​​vary slightly in chess books, but it is generally assumed that the queen is worth 9 points, the rook is worth 5 points, the bishop and knight are both worth 3 points, and the pawn is worth 1 point. Since losing the king is equivalent to losing the game, its value is infinite, in endgame it is around 3.5 points. In chess programming , it is common to give the king a very large value (say 2000 points). The true value and importance of a piece cannot be assigned so simply because it depends on the position. For example, a rook in a bad position is not worth as much as a knight in a good position. If a player sacrifices a piece (allowing the opponent to capture a high-value piece), they will typically give up the relative value of that piece in exchange for strategic or positional advantage over the attacking pieces. Some basic principles of chess position that are common to most chess strategies and traps are: A fork , also known as a double attack , is a situation in which a piece threatens two or more of the opponent's pieces at the same time. It is often difficult for the opponent to defend both of his pieces in the same move when attacked. Many chess documents confuse a double attack with a double fork , which is actually a double attack of a Knight and a Pawn. Any piece except a border pawn can perform a double fork or double attack, including the King. abcdefgh8       877665544332211abcdIt isfgh Black king and queen are forked by white knight Pinning , also known as a pin , can also be used to prevent an opponent's piece from moving by indirectly threatening any piece behind the pinned piece if it moves. If the piece behind the pinned piece is a King, the middle piece (the pinned piece) is said to be fully pinned . If the piece can still move on the pinned line, it is said to be relatively fully pinned . There are many different pinning structures, such as cross pinning and double pinning. abcdIt isfgh8         877665544332211abcdIt isfgh The black queen is pinned by the white bishop and the white rook is pinned by the black bishop. A skewer is the opposite of a pin when a higher value piece is being attacked and it is in front of a lower value piece . abcdIt isfgh8        877665544332211abcdIt isfgh Black queen is skewered by white car There are other principles, for example, a piece moving out of its current position to open the way for another piece to attack is called an "open attack". Other tactical principles include: intermediate moves (threatening the opponent without checking, capturing or sacrificing pieces, so such moves are difficult to detect), destroying unprotected pieces (that is, when the opponent's pieces are protected by fewer forces than the attacking force, people often look for ways to exchange pieces to gain an advantage in force, mainly attacking the defending pieces to lose their protective constraints), overloading (that is, when a piece is forced into a position of having to defend and protect many targets) and sacrificing pieces (moving pieces into the attacked position, confusing the opponent with a "free" piece, then making counter-attacking moves to achieve larger goals, such as having a good position or retrieving the sacrificed piece and capturing more opponent pieces). Children's Chess Tournament in Minnesota , USA , 2009 In the endgame , the pawns and kings become relatively stronger because the heavy and light pieces on both sides are significantly reduced. Both sides then tend to move their pawns quickly to promote them. If one player has a clear advantage in terms of force, checkmate is just a matter of time and the game will end quickly, but if the game is relatively balanced in terms of force, mastering endgame tactics is very important. In timed chess tournaments, controlling the tempo (time for each move) is extremely important when there are few pieces left on the board. In many cases, the player with the advantage in force loses the game because of running out of time . In addition, when the force is not enough to checkmate and both have made the required number of moves according to the time without moving a pawn, the game leads to a draw (50 moves). For example, if a player has 1 king and 2 knights, in most cases it is impossible to checkmate an opponent who only has 1 king left (there is one exception). Variations of the game format fix Besides the standard format of chess, there are many other popular formats in chess games. Rapid chess is a form of chess in which the time limit for each player is short. Generally each player has between 3 and 15 minutes (5 minutes is most common) for all moves. A faster form is blitz chess . The time limit is less than 3 minutes. Rapid chess requires players to think quickly or they may lose because of running out of time. In rapid chess, computers have an advantage over humans. When two people are far apart, they can still play chess together. Correspondence chess is a type of chess played through letters , e-mail or special correspondence chess servers . Nowadays, chess is commonly played on the Internet through the Internet Chess Club , Yahoo! Games or online chess sites such as Chess.com or Lichess.org. Modern Chess Symbol Influential fix Art and life fix During the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance , chess was part of aristocratic culture ; it was used to teach war strategy and was known as the " King's Game ". [34] Chess was also often used as the basis of moral teachings . An example is Liber de moribus hominum et officiis nobilium sive super ludo scacchorum ('Book of the Customs of Men and the Duties of Nobles or Book of Chess'), written by the Italian Dominican monk Jacobus de Cessolis in the 1300s. The book was one of the most popular books of the Middle Ages. [35] The work was translated into many other languages ​​(the first printed edition was published in Utrecht in 1473) and was the basis for William Caxton 's The Game and Playe of the Chesse (1474) , one of the first books printed in English. [36] Different pieces are used as metaphors for different classes of people, and human tasks are derived from the rules of the game or from the visual properties of the pieces. [37] Starting with the clergy, students and merchants, chess entered the popular culture of the Middle Ages. An example is the 209th song of the Carmina Burana from the 13th century which begins with the names of the pieces: Roch , pedites , regina . . . [38] Besides this popularity, chess was discouraged by several religions in the Middle Ages: Judaism, [39] Catholicism and Orthodoxy . [40] The game was even banned by some Muslim authorities in recent times, for example Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979 and later by Abdul-Aziz ash-Sheikh . [41] In the 19th century, chess was sometimes criticized as a waste of time. [42] [43] Today, chess is taught in schools to children all over the world. Many schools organize chess clubs and there are many scholastic tournaments specifically for children. Tournaments are held regularly in many countries and are often hosted by organizations such as the United States Chess Federation and the National Scholastic Chess Organization. [44] In addition to playing an important role in literary works such as Thomas Middleton's A Game at Chess and Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass , chess is also featured in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series in a version of Wizard's Chess . [45] Math fix Mathematicians Euler , Legendre , de Moivre , and Vandermonde studied the patrolling cipher . abcdefgh8 877665544332211abcdIt isfgh The Eight Queens Problem is a chessboard problem of placing eight queens on a chessboard so that no queen can attack another. This is one of 12 solutions. The structure and nature of chess are related to several branches of mathematics. Many combinatorial and topological problems related to chess, such as the knight-on-the-road problem [46] and the eight-queens puzzle [47] , have been known for hundreds of years. [48] [49] Người ta ước tính số thế cờ hợp lệ trong cờ vua là 4x1044,[50] với độ phức tạp vào khoảng 10123. Claude Shannon là người đầu tiên tính ra độ phức tạp của cờ vua: ông đưa ra con số 10120; số này được gọi là số Shannon.[51] Trung bình, một thế cờ thường có ba mươi đến bốn mươi nước cờ khả dĩ nhưng cũng có thể không có nước nào (khi bị chiếu tướng và vào thế bí) hoặc lên đến tối đa 218 nước cờ (cờ thế).[52] Năm 1913, Ernst Zermelo đã sử dụng cờ vua làm cơ sở cho lý thuyết của mình về chiến lược trò chơi, được coi là một trong những tiền thân của lý thuyết trò chơi.[53] Dựa vào định lý Zermelo, cờ vua có thể được giải; kết quả của một ván cờ hoàn hảo (Trắng thắng, Đen thắng, hoặc hòa) có thể được xác định một cách tuyệt đối.[54] Tất nhiên, bất kỳ loại công nghệ nào cũng sẽ mất một khoảng thời gian dài bất khả thi để tính toán hết 1044 thế cờ hợp lệ trong cờ vua và đưa ra một chiến lược hoàn hảo.[55] Tâm lý học sửa Có một văn bản khoa học khá bao quát nói về tâm lý học trong cờ vua.[note 1][note 2][57][58][59][60] Alfred Binet và nhiều người khác đã cho thấy rằng chính khả năng tri thức và ngôn ngữ, chứ không phải thị giác không gian, mới là cốt lõi của việc tinh thông (cờ vua).[61][62] Trong luận văn tiến sĩ của mình, Adriaan de Groot cũng chỉ ra rằng các cao thủ cờ vua có thể ngay lập tức nhận biết được những mấu chốt của thế cờ;[63] loại tri giác này, được hình thành sau nhiều năm nghiên cứu và tập luyện, quan trọng hơn so với khả năng đoán trước nước cờ đơn thuần. Cũng theo de Groot, họ có thể ghi nhớ thế cờ gần như hoàn hảo chỉ trong vài giây. Khả năng ghi nhớ trên không chỉ là kỹ năng chơi cờ, vì cả cao thủ và người mới tập chơi đều có thể gợi nhớ tương đương nhau khi gặp phải một tổ hợp quân cờ sắp xếp ngẫu nhiên (khoảng 6 thế). Điểm khác biệt giữa hai đẳng cấp chính là khả năng nhận biết và ghi nhớ khuôn mẫu. Nếu những thế cờ phải nhớ được lấy ra từ một trận cờ thực chiến, các cao thủ gần như nhớ không sai thế nào.[64] Recent research has focused more on the use of chess as a mental exercise, the role of prior knowledge and analysis, brain imaging studies of chess masters and novices, blind chess , the role of personality and intelligence in chess skill, gender differences, and computational models of chess mastery. The role of practice and talent in chess skill specialization, as in other fields, has led to much new research. Ericsson and colleagues argue that deliberate practice is sufficient to achieve high levels of chess. [65] Recent research suggests that other factors, in addition to practice, are also important. For example, according to Fernand Gobet and colleagues, chess masters tend to start playing at a young age, and the majority of players born in the Northern Hemisphere are born in late winter to early spring. Compared to the general population, chess players tend to be less right-handed, although the researchers found no correlation between handedness and skill. [66] The correlation between chess skill and player intelligence has long been discussed in both popular culture and literature. The first studies on the subject date back to around 1927. [67] [68] Academics are divided on the strength of this correlation: some studies suggest that the two are unrelated, while others suggest that they are strongly correlated. [68] [69] Richard Réti Ostrauer Morgenzeitung , 1921 abcdefgh8 877665544332211abcdIt isfgh White goes first, draw The Réti endgame can be solved by a diagonal advance by the white king; this move will allow the king to reach two pawns at once, thereby blocking the black pawn, or supporting the white pawn to reach the back rank to promote the queen. [70] Chess online Chess on computer Variations Related information see more Some types of flags Note Reference Source Read more External links Last modified 12 days ago by InternetArchiveBot RELATED PAGES Catch the Good Crossing the Road Deep Blue vs. Kasparov, 1997, Game 6 List of female chess grandmastersWikimedia list article  Content is released under CC BY-SA 4.0 , unless otherwise noted. 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Chess history

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