Is this a good opening?

1.e4 e5 2.nf3 nc6 3.bc4 bb4

Or 

1.e4 e5 2.nf3 nc6 3.nc3 nf6 4. bc4 bb4 

Are these bad or good?

State your reasons for it.

How come no grandmaster has used them in any games and how come they are not in the books?

That a sentence?

3. Bb4 is certainly a dubious move since white has the simple refutation of c3, and assuming best play white would have a lead in development after winning a tempo and the black pieces are cramped already leading to about +2 for white, the reason you don’t see it a lot is because it is a bad move.

in the second line you mentioned 4. Bb4 is a very valid, but unpopular response

if you want some real responses to the Italian game there is always Nf6, the 2 knights defense, Be7, the Hungarian defense, and d6.

Does the first line lead to an eventual and inevitable loss of material?

As for the second line, how would you describe it's style of play?

You should just understand that 3...Bb4 is not a good move because the Bishop does not target anything on b4, and this poor placement of the Bishop also allows White to play 4.c3, a move he wants to play anyways to support the building up of a large center with d4 in the future. 

For the second line, ...Bb4 might be okay but I'm always skeptical that White will be able to play Nd5, which would hit the Bishop. In any case, a stronger move in that line would be 4...Nxe4!, which is known as the center fork trick. This is known to equalize essentially on the spot for Black.

Why is the fact that the bishop does not target anything a bad thing?

In the first line the bishop is targeting d2.

d2 isn't much of a target (think: are you realistically going to capture anything on d2 or land a piece on that square in any way?). 

The bigger part of the problem is the second part of my comment, that you're simply losing time by allowing White to get what he wants with tempo on your bishop.

What are whites main goals with c3? You mentioned that it involved a large center, is that anything to do with whites main goals? What other main goals does white have?

Why is tempo on the bishop a bad thing? Why is allowing white to create a large pawn center a bad thing for black?

In other words does 1.e4 e5 2.nf3 nc6 3. bc4 bb4 4.c4 lead to black being in a passive and cramped position?

Yes

I recommend that you watch a video on opening principles, but essentially two of the key components to emerging out of the opening with a good position is time and central control. 

Is time another word for tempo when said in relation to chess?

Can a solid pawn structure make up for having a lack of piece tempo and central control?

In the line 1.e4 e5 2.nf3 nc6 3.bc4 bb4. 4.c4 is it still possible for black to create a superior pawn structure against white as long as white maintains its tempo and space advantages as well as central control over black?

I meant white goes 4.c3.

Where should the bishop retreat to?

After 4.c3 can white push for b4?

With 4... Ba5 or Bc5, 5.b4 would cause blacks bishop to continue losing tempo.

How does pushing away blacks bishop with b4 give up the center? In the next moves can't white just develop a piece and go d4?

Yes, depending on which direction blacks bishop goes in. White isn't being prevented from immediately controlling the center and maintaining a lead in development as long as the bishop the bishop is pushed back, it's inevitable for white to maintain central control and a lead in tempo.