NM = National Master, used by some chess federations like USCF.
CM = Candidate Master, anyone with 2200 FIDE can get this title.
FM = FIDE Master, anyone with 2300 FIDE can get this title.
IM = International Master, requires 2400 FIDE at some point and 3 norms (performance at 2450 level)
GM = Grandmaster, requires 2500 FIDE at some point and 3 norms (performance at 2600 level)
There are also women titles:
WCM, anyone with 2000 FIDE can get this title
WFM, anyone with 2100 FIDE can get this title
WIM, requires 2200 FIDE and 3 norms (performance at 2250 level)
WGM, requires 2300 FIDE and 3 norms (performance at 2400 level)
More delails here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_title
http://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=174&view=article
What is the difference between NM, IM, FM, CM and what do they mean?