Sicilian Najdorf. Black often castles very late, or not at all.
Don't all chess openings have these things in common?
Sort:
What do you mean by "all chess openings"?
There are some crazy opening lines out there... In some of which you will NEVER castle.
"... For beginning players, [Discovering Chess Openings by GM John Emms] will offer an opportunity to start out on the right foot and really get a feel for what is happening on the board. ..." - FM Carsten Hansen (2006)
https://web.archive.org/web/20140627114655/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/hansen91.pdf
Two other introductions to openings are Openings for Amateurs by Pete Tamburro (2014)
http://kenilworthian.blogspot.com/2014/05/review-of-pete-tamburros-openings-for.html
https://chessbookreviews.wordpress.com/tag/openings-for-amateurs/
https://www.mongoosepress.com/catalog/excerpts/openings_amateurs.pdf
and Winning Chess Openings by GM Yasser Seirawan (~1999).
https://web.archive.org/web/20140627132508/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/hansen173.pdf
1) quick development
2) castle early
3) center control
It feels like once you've mastered these concepts, then openings would be a breeze or at least they will help you decipher effective openings. I've never seen an opening that was good that didn't comprise of those things.