You resigned this game why? Material is equal and you had a better position because white has overextended with all the pawn moves, has little development of pieces, and has no safe place for his king long-term.
How to counter pawn rush?
Your aim should be to try to undermine these pawns and challenge them. a5 is one such move, or f6 or f5. If you resign in such a position you will never get anywhere - firstly it is you who has the better position so you need to recognise this. Secondly even if you mis-evaluate things and believe you are worse why not fight on? White has not won any material from you and is not threatening anything.
I understand the psychology of why you resigned, but you really are better off here. I don't want to offer specifics in this position (but Stockfish "quick analysis" recommends ...a5). It is more important to give ideas; chess is really a game of ideas and plans.
I would play, as Black, by continuing development of your Rooks/Queen. Eventually, White's exposed King can easily be attacked. Sometimes though, these pawn pushes do not leave their King open necessarily. If you can't get an attack, and you feel relatively well developed then you should maybe try to improve your pieces (especially your worst ones). If you can get your pieces behind the lines of pawns, you may soon infiltrate the opponents' camp; remember that pawns are weak in the fact that a pawn can't move backwards. Once they are pushed, they can't return, so getting behind these pawns allows us to preserve our pieces from pawn attacks. Pawn pushes like these are harmless long-term, but short-term they often create a huge space advantage that should not be underestimated.
Generally, if you see your opponent’s king stuck in the middle, try to break the center open.
Just keep playing and afterward use the computer analysis and that will give you some ideas as to what to do next time. I won't normally resign until I'm down 10 or more points and have no queen. I'm rated similar to you and once had someone take out their king on move 2 and was lost.
I tend to only look at my moves since they are based off of what my opponent did. Sometimes sacking a piece will clear up the board for you to go on a better attack.
But to answer the title
You usually counter a pawn storm by counter attacking in a different area of the board.
If they pawn storm without development though, that's a special case. In that case opening lines anywhere will be favorable for you (open lines favor the side with more development or better placed pieces).
So sometimes you can get funny scenarios where, for example, you castle kingside, and they pawn storm your king... so you open the kingside on purpose because they have no development, so your position is simply better ![]()
+1.00 means white is better by a pawn.
-1.00 means black is better by a pawn.
+.50 white has a half pawn advantage.
-.50 black has a half pawn advantage.
.33 generally counts as 1 tempo.
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[Site "Chess.com iPhone"]
[Date "09/19/2018 10:59AM"]
[White "natefizzle8675 (823)"]
[Black "Bag_of_Hydration (688)"]
1.e4 e5 2.Qh5 Nc6 3.c3 Nf6 4.Qf3 Bc5 5.b4 Bb6 6.h3 O-O 7.g4 d5 8.d3 dxe4 9.dxe4 Be6 10.g5 Nd7 11.h4 {natefizzle8675 wins by Resignation}