I need some major help when I play against these openings

I'm having problems mainly with black playing against the Four Knights opening, Scotch, and playing the Queens gambit declined as black (or any d4 d5 opening as black) and playing the Ruy lopez.

  I feel like can't develop an attack or an advantage over white. 

 Four Knights- I struggle to keep up for a draw. The opening is very symmetrical and can't generate any counterplay and thus I have to reply and overall it causes play to play very passively. Also how do I deal with the knight move na4 before I played a move to give my bishop some escape squares like a6? I gave up control of the bishop pair and my d4 control is hindered

QGD- This is more or so of me knowing the main goals of black while playing this. I don't when I should take on c4 and more or less my pieces sit on their same squares for a lot time. 

Scotch- I feel white can generate an strong attack. Also I just have poor skills of coordinating my pieces to build an attack of my own or just to outplay white 

Ruy lopez- I really just dont know how to coordinate my pieces to work and gain gradual pressure on the kingside and queenside. I even hate the exchange variation more. After nxe5 qd4 nc3 qxe4 qe2 1xe2 kxf2. I'm a pawn up, but I just don't know how to massage everything I have into a win....  

  Any help is appreciated, I can also post some games if needed