Sometimes extra pawn islands is a game ending weakness. Sometimes it doesn't matter at all. Sometimes it's compensated for by something.
In the OP position, what stands out to me is weak pawns vs a knight that has multiple outposts (knights are often good at harassing such weaknesses). Plus black's minor piece is a bad piece. As for which pawns, specifically the h and f pawns seem weak (d6 is well supported for now).
Pawn islands contribute to this, but they don't make the whole evaluation. White could have 4 pawn islands but if black's pieces are bad then black is the one losing. Or if we change the position so that white can't come into contact with black's weak pawns in a meaningful way, then black is totally fine. For example change the knight to a bishop (of either color) and it may be a simple draw (as I said, knights are pretty good for harassing weak pawns).
@011 - very nice examples. In the first one you also had 20.Bxg6!
Thanks
12.hxg hxg 13.Bh5 would have been a flashy finish too.