The Case for Chess as a Tool to Develop Our Children’s Minds

The Case for Chess as a Tool to Develop Our Children’s Minds
Author Dr Peter Dauvergne
Edited by ProfessorJames

Abstract

This article surveys educational and psychological studies to examine the benefits for  children of studying and playing chess.  These show that chess can
- Raise intelligence quotient (IQ) scores
- Strengthen problem solving skills, teaching how to make difficult and abstract  decisions independently
- Enhance reading, memory, language, and mathematical abilities
- Foster critical, creative, and original thinking
- Provide practice at making accurate and fast decisions under time pressure, a skill that can help improve exam scores at school
- Teach how to think logically and efficiently, learning to select the ‘best’ choice from a large number of options
- Challenge gifted children while potentially helping underachieving gifted students  learn how to study and strive for excellence
- Demonstrate the importance of flexible planning, concentration, and the consequences of decisions
- Reach boys and girls regardless of their natural abilities or socio-economic backgrounds

Given these educational benefits, the author concludes that chess is one of the most effective teaching tools to prepare children for a world increasingly swamped by information and ever tougher decisions.


Article

Is chess an art? A science?  Some claim it’s both. Yet let’s be honest, it’s really just a game.  Fun, challenging, creative: but still a game, not much different from tennis, cricket, football, or golf. But there is one striking difference to these other popular games.  While learning to play almost any game can help build self-esteem and confidence, chess is one of the few that fully exercises our minds. Many of us could probably use this exercise, although it may be a bit late for some.  (At least for those of us old enough to read an article like this voluntarily!)  It’s not, however, too late for our children. Chess is one of the most powerful educational tools available to strengthen a child’s mind.  It’s fairly easy to learn how to play.  Most six or seven year olds can follow the basic rules.  Some kids as young as four or five can play.  Like learning a language or music an early start can help a child become more proficient.  Whatever a child’s age, however, chess can enhance concentration, patience, and perseverance, as well as develop creativity, intuition, memory, and most importantly, the ability to analyse and deduce from a set of general principles, learning to make tough decisions and solve problems flexibly. This is undeniably a grand claim. The remainder of this paper outlines some of the arguments and educational studies to justify and support this.

 
Concentration, Patience, and Perseverance

To play chess well requires intense concentration.  Some of the world’s top players can undeniably look distracted, sometimes jumping up between moves to walk around.  A closer look, however, reveals that most of these players are actually in deep concentration, relying on strong visual recall to plan and calculate even when they are away from their game.  For young, inexperienced players, chess teaches the rewards of concentration as well as provides immediate penalties for lapses.  Few teaching tools provide such quick feedback.  One slip in concentration can lead to a simple blunder, perhaps even ending the game.  Only a focused, patient and persistent young chess player will maintain steady results – characteristics that are equally valuable for performing well at school, especially in school exams.

 
Analysis, Logic, and Problem Solving

Playing chess well involves a combination of aptitudes.  A 1973-74 study in Zaire by Dr Albert Frank (1974) found that good teenage chess players (16-18 years old) had strong spatial, numerical, administrative-directional, and paperwork abilities.  Dr Robert Ferguson (1995, p. 2) notes that “This finding tends to show that ability in chess is not due to the presence in an individual of only one or two abilities but that a large number of aptitudes all work together in chess.”  Even more significantly Frank’s study found that learning chess, even as teenagers, strengthened both numerical and verbal aptitudes.  This occurred for the majority of students (not just the strong players) who took a chess course for two hours each week for one school year.  Other studies have added that playing chess can strengthen a child’s memory (Artise).

A 1990-92 study in New Brunswick, Canada, further shows the value of chess for developing problem solving skills among young children (Gaudreau 1992).  By integrating chess into the traditional mathematics curriculum teachers were able to raise significantly the average problem solving scores of their students.  These students also scored far higher on problem solving tests than ones who just took the standard mathematics course.  Primary school chess has now exploded in New Brunswick.  In 1989, 120 students played in the provincial school chess championship.  Three years later over 19,000 played (Ferguson 1995, p. 11).

Chess has also been shown to foster critical and creative thinking.  Dr Ferguson’s four-year study (1979-83) analysed the impact of chess on students’ thinking skills in the Bradford Area School District in the United States (grades 7-9).  These students were already identified as gifted, with intelligence quotient (IQ) scores above 130.  Using two tests (Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking) Ferguson (1995, pp. 4-6) found that after spending 60-64 hours playing and studying chess over 32 weeks students showed significant progress in critical thinking.  He further found that chess enhances “creativity in gifted adolescents.”  He concluded that “it appears that chess is superior to many currently used programs for developing creative thinking and, therefore, could logically be included in a differentiated program for mentally gifted students”.

Playing chess, however, is not only valuable for developing the skills of gifted children.  Average and even below average learners can also benefit.  Chess teacher Michael Wojcio (1990) notes that “even if a slow learner does not grasp all of [the strategies and tactics in chess], he/she can still benefit by learning language, concepts, and fine motor movement.”  During a program run by Dr Ferguson from September 1987 to May 1988 all members of a standard sixth grade class in rural Pennsylvania were required to take chess lessons and play games.  This class had 9 boys and 5 girls.  At the start of this study students took IQ tests, producing a mean IQ of 104.6.  Students then studied chess two or three times per week while playing most days.  They were also encouraged to participate in tournaments.  After this intensive chess instruction a group of seven boys managed to finish second in the 1998 Pennsylvania State Scholastic Championship.  Significantly, at the conclusion of the study tests showed a significant increase in both memory and verbal reasoning skills, especially among the more competitive chess players (Ferguson 1995, pp. 8-9).

Chess has even been shown to raise students’ overall IQ scores. Using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children a Venezuelan study of over 4,000 second grade students found a significant increase in most students’ IQ scores after only 4.5 months of systematically studying chess.  This occurred across all socio-economic groups and for both males and females.  The Venezuelan government was so impressed that all Venezuelan schools introduced chess lessons starting in 1988-89 (summarised in Ferguson 1995, p. 8).

 
Solving Problems and Synthesising Information in a Globalising World

The internet, email, and computers are rapidly changing the skills essential to succeed at school and work.  As globalisation accelerates, information is pouring in faster and faster.  Information that took months to track down a few years ago can now spin off the internet in just minutes.  With such easy access and tremendous volumes, the ability to choose effectively among a wide variety of options is ever more vital.

In this world students must increasingly be able to respond quickly, flexibly and critically.  They must be able to wade through and synthesise vast amounts of information, not just memorise chunks of it. They must learn to recognize what is relevant and what is irrelevant.  They also need to acquire the skills to be able to learn new technologies quickly as well as solve a continual stream of problems with these new technologies.

This is where chess as a tool to develop our children’s minds appears to be especially powerful.  By its very nature chess presents an ever-changing set of problems.  Except for the very beginning of the game — where it’s possible to memorise the strongest lines — each move creates a new position.  For each of these a player tries to find the ‘best’ move by calculating ahead, evaluating these future possibilities using a set of theoretical principles.  Importantly, more than one ‘best’ move may exist, just as in the real world more than one best option may exist.  Players must learn to decide, even when the answer is ambiguous or difficult.

These thinking skills are becoming ever more valuable for primary and secondary school students constantly confronted with new everyday problems.  If these students go to university it will be especially imperative to understand how to apply broad principles to assess new situations critically, rather than rely on absorbing a large number of ‘answers’.  Far too commonly my own university students do not have these skills.  As a result they become swamped by information, vainly searching for the right answer to memorise rather than the various best options.

 
Conclusion

The case, then, is exceptionally strong for using chess to develop our children’s minds and help them cope with the growing complexities and demands of a globalising world.  More and more schools around the world are recognising the value of chess, with instruction now becoming part of standard curriculums.  It’s of course just a game.  Yet it has fascinated and challenged some of the greatest minds of the last century, sparking enough books about how to play to fill an entire library.

Chess is an especially effective teaching tool.  It can equally challenge the minds of girls and boys, gifted and average, athletic and non-athletic, rich and poor.  It can teach children the importance of planning and the consequences of decisions.  It can further teach how to concentrate, how to win and lose gracefully, how to think logically and efficiently, and how to make tough and abstract decisions (Seymour and Norwood 1993).  At more advanced levels it can teach flexible planning since playing  well requires a coherent plan, yet not one that is rigidly followed regardless of the opponent’s response.  Chess can also build confidence and self-esteem without overinflating egos, as some losses are inevitable, even for world champions.

Chess can potentially help teach underachieving gifted children how to study, perhaps even leaving them with a passion for learning.  Chess tournaments can, moreover, provide a natural setting for a gifted child to interact with other children of all ages, as many tournaments are not divided by age but by ability (unlike most school activities and many other sports).  It’s common to see a six-year-old playing a twelve-year-old, or a ten-year-old playing a seventeen-year-old.  Young players can also perform remarkably well in adult chess tournaments.  In 1999-2000 in Australia, for example, a thirteen-year-old won the New South Wales championship, a fourteen-year-old won the South Australian championship, a fifteen-year-old won the Queensland championship, and a thirteen-year-old tied for second in the Australian championship.

Studying chess systematically has also been shown to raise students’ IQ scores, academic exam scores (Dullea 1982; Palm 1990; Ferguson 2000, p. 3), as well as strengthen mathematical, language, and reading skills (Margulies 1991; Liptrap 1998; Ferguson 2000, pp. 3-4).  Tournament chess games, which involve clocks to limit the total time each player can use, are also a fun way to provide practice at making fast and accurate decisions under pressure, a skill that can help students cope with the similar pressures of school exams.  This is also a fun way to practise how to put the mind into high gear, where intense concentration increases alertness, efficiency of thought processes, and ultimately mental performance.

Perhaps most importantly chess is a fun way to teach children how to think and solve an ever-changing and diverse array of difficult problems.  With millions of possibilities in every game, players must continually face new positions and new problems.  They cannot solve these using a simple formula or relying on memorised answers.  Instead, they must analyse and calculate, relying on general principles and patterns along with a dose of creativity and originality – a skill that increasingly mirrors what students must confront in their everyday schoolwork.

In June 1999 the International Olympic Committee officially recognized chess as a sport.  This is welcome news for the world’s six million registered chess players as well as countless more unregistered players.  With such recognition hopefully even more of our children will turn to chess, striving for sporting dreams that will leave them smarter, and ultimately able to cope better in the real world of perpetual problems.

 
About the Author

Peter Dauvergne is a Canadian chess master (FIDE rating 2250) and Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Economics and Business at the University of Sydney, Australia. He is the editor of the journal Global Environmental Politics (MIT Press) and the author of numerous books and articles on environmental management in the Asia-Pacific.  He can be reached at peterd@econ.usyd.edu.au.


About the Editor

ProfessorJames is an amateur chess enthusiast interested in promoting chess.  He is the founder of the Santa Monica Chess Foundation.
http://sm-chess.webs.com

 
References*
 
* These and other chess and education research studies are available from the United States Chess Federation, http://www.uschess.org/.
Artise, John. “Chess and Education.”
Dullea, Gerard J., 1982. “Chess Makes Kids Smarter,” Chess Life, November.
Frank, Albert, 1974. Chess and Aptitudes, Doctoral Dissertation. Translation, Stanley Epstein.
Ferguson, Robert, 1995. “Chess in Education: Research Summary.” A Review of Key Chess Research Studies. For the Borough of Manhattan Community College Chess in Education ‘A Wise Move’ Conference.
Ferguson, Robert, 2000. “The Use and Impact of CHESS,” in Section B, USA Junior Chess Olympics Curriculum, copy emailed by the author.
Gaudreau, Louise, 1992. “Étude Comparative sur les Apprentissages en Mathématiques 5e Année.”
Liptrap, James, 1998. “Chess and Standard Test Scores,” Chess Life, March.
Margulies, Stuart, 1991. “The Effect of Chess on Reading Scores: District Nine Chess Program Second Year Report.” The American Chess Foundation, New York.
Palm, Christine, 1990. “Chess Improves Academic Performance,” derived from “New York City Schools Chess Program.”
Seymour, Jane, and David Norwood, 1993. “A Game for Life,” New Scientist 139 (September, no. 1889), pp. 23-26.
Wojcio, Michael David, 1990. “The Importance of Chess in the Classroom,” Atlantic Chess News.

interesting

Very interesting. I teach middle schoolers chess. If I find a child whose school records indicate that she/he is mathematically/scientifically proficient I schedule a meeting with the parents and the child. At that meeting we discuss how chess is a 2 dimensional model of physics that can introduce their child to a concrete explanation of science and mathematics.

Talmapai wrote:

very cool - so you have a lot of litarature for chess exercisings? i dont mean theroy about openings and so on - exercise positions for different themes?

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I am not sure whether you were responding to Professor James or my post. Please let me know.

...I'm still reading the article...

Talmapai wrote:

i found out one thing on chess now. if i feel threatened - if i am under attack - i play faster - i take less time. thats idiotic of course because in these situations i should think more and not less. and now i think its because in nature it would be good to become faster if there is any danger. so chess can teach us to stay cool if you need your head to come down with the situation. maybe thats also a point you can learn by practising chess.

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I discovered a solution to impulsive moves and how not to make them.

Whenever I am seated at the board playing a game I always SIT ON MY HANDS!