I think most people will answer like this: Whatever rating doesn't stand a chance against me personally is bad, just below my current rating is starting to be good, just above my current rating is good to quite good. 2000-ish players see it differently - they tend to think of where someone is at on the journey to where they are at, so 1200 is still a beginner from the point of view of one of the lucky few that ever reach 2000. But they are also comparing everyone else to where they currently stand, just adding a time dimension, if you will. If you want to be objective about it, go to your stats page, and pay attention to your percentile ranking, and the number of players. The larger the number of players (like rapid) the more representative a sample you have of all players across the site, the smaller the number of players (like bullet), the less representative it is (because not everybody can handle bullet time controls, it doesn't get as many players).
Once you know your percentile, ask yourself, if this wasn't chess, what would I consider "good"? It is a relative term after all. If you think of an above average runner as "good", then if your rapid percentile is over 50%, consider yourself "good". If you would only think of the top 10% of runners as "good" then, you need to be over the 90th percentile. And you need to lighten up. But big picture wise, I say just enjoy the journey. Judge yourself by your progress more than your rating. So long as you are improving, you are on your way.
People who play a couple of games of chess get a rating on this website. It doesn't make sense to me to look at percentages here, comparing yourself to people who play chess more or less regurarily makes much more sense to me. I think 1300 rapid, 1000 blitz is around when people start to make horrible blunders a lot less often, when they can spot basic tactics more or less consistently and when they understand the basics of chess openings and chess principles.
Here is my ranking of the players (I assume that we are talking about rapid rating on this website):
I would say that below 850 you are a beginner.
850-1299 you are an advanced beginner
1300-1499 lower intermediate
1500-1799 intermediate
1800-2199 upper intermediate
2200+ advanced
somewhere around 2300-2400 good at chess.
For the record, as of the moment of writing this comment I am rated 2016 rapid, 1809 blitz on this website.
or maybe they were just being nice lol.
Good, shmood. I'm just in awe of players who don't hang their Queen.