Can you explain to me what SGM ratings points are? They must be a new FIDE title that I am unaware of.
World Champion

Can you explain to me what SGM ratings points are? They must be a new FIDE title that I am unaware of.
SGM = Super GrandMaster. Ouachita is saying you need a FIDE rating of at least 2700 before you're even considered to be a candidate for the world champion.

Ouachita is saying you need a FIDE rating of at least 2700 before you're even considered to be a candidate for the world champion.
Does that mean Short is again a potential candidate?

Ouachita is saying you need a FIDE rating of at least 2700 before you're even considered to be a candidate for the world champion.
Does that mean Short is again a potential candidate?
If he continues his upword mobility, why not?

Ouachita is saying you need a FIDE rating of at least 2700 before you're even considered to be a candidate for the world champion.
Does that mean Short is again a potential candidate?
Sure. But bare in mind, potential candidate is not the same as potential world champion. You get to be a potential candidate, and then some of the candidates are potential world champions. Even if you get a rating of 2700+, you have a long, long road ahead of you.
For some reason I cannot stop using italics.
Nytik

You just know that the ladder showing the world championship elimination process in somewhere at the FIDE site. If it's not, it should be.
Found it! Well, this is as good as it gets:
Information regarding the next World Championship cycle 2009-2011
The FIDE Presidential Board has decided that in 2010 a Challengers Match will be held between the winner of the World Cup 2009 and the winner of the 2008-2009 FIDE Grand-Prix series.
The winner of this match will play a World Championship Match of 12 games in 2011 against the reigning World Champion.

at the moment you can be Challenger to World Champion by winning the Chess World Cup, happening this november in Khanty Mansysk (not sure about the spelling). to be in World Cup you must qualified in zonal qualification, or by rating, or by organizer invitation.

Whoever that FIDE whats to be champion is basically the champion. Normally if they dont like you they say nothing when your kids are kidnapped. They really like it if you can have a bunch of thrown games and easy draws to make sure their selected champion makes the finals. Also FIDE appreciates it if you give large kickbacks to members of organization. They also like taking away your title for things like not wanting noise in the tournament room.

Yes, we have.
While we're on this topic, however, does this mean that Aronian is practically a shoe-in for the candidates match now?

Aronian is going for this year World Cup, also he is on FIDE Grandprix. so he is "on route" to be challenger to World Champion. Of course like said before, if FIDE like it.
see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2009
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2011#March_2009_changes
I was wondering what it took to be a World Champion? Just get first in a lot of random tournaments? Or was it by invite that you got to challenge the reigning world champ? Finally, did you have to be a grandmaster first and at what ELO would you be considered a grandmaster. Thanks in advance.