You're basically describing the hypermodern approach. The idea is to get your opponent to build a large pawn centre and then counterattack. There are many openings based on this theory, Alekhine's defence is a well known example, especially the Four Pawns Attack variation. Other hypermodern defences include the Modern defence, the Pirc, the Grunfeld and the Queen's Indian.
Openings that over-extend pawns?
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Can you force your opponent to over-extend? No!
However, two lines came to mind, one of which amartalon already brought up. In essence, it's the Four Pawns Attack, both the Alekhine Four Pawns (mentioned above) and the King's Indian Four Pawns.
Ive noticed lately I play very well against people who push their pawns too early. Are there openings I can use to get people to push their pawns? I already play the king and queens gambit, and the french(I know the idea isnt always to draw in the pawns, but it can happen is why I mention them). And off the top of my head Alekhine's Defense I know achieves this, so Ill give that a look tonight. Any others? Or am I just being a little ridiculous