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Art Of Chess (6th–15th Century)
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Art Of Chess (6th–15th Century)

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Chess originated in India. Scientists have determined that chess was invented around the 6th century. However, the rules of the game at that time differed significantly from those of today.

There is a popular legend about the origin of the game of chess. An Indian Maharaja was so delighted with chess that he said to its inventor, the Brahmin, "You are a very wise man. For this wonderful discovery, I have decided to reward you richly. Ask for whatever you wish, even half of my kingdom."

"Oh, your highness," exclaimed the Brahmin, "order your storekeeper to place one grain of wheat on the first square of the chessboard, two on the second, four on the third, eight on the fourth, sixteen on the fifth, and so on, on each subsequent square, twice as many as on the previous one, until all 64 squares are filled!"

The courtiers began to laugh loudly at the unusual request, but the Maharaja became angry and exclaimed, "Your request is not worthy of a wise man. You dare to ask such trifles of me, the great ruler!"

However, the inventor of chess did not give up his wish, and the ruler finally ordered his "small request" to be fulfilled.

After a long and complicated calculation, it turned out that the mighty Maharaja could not fulfill the Brahmin's request, because in the end it turned out that the required amount of wheat was expressed by the following astronomical number: 18,446,744,073,709,551,6151.

Another legend describing the beauty of chess ends like this: After the god Shiva extended Arsen's life as a reward for his victory in chess against the invincible Delhi Bonza, Arsen was asked, "How will you spend your life now?"

"I'll sleep to live the dream, but when I wake up, I'll play chess," Arsen replied.

In India, chess was called "chaturanga." The combat units of the Indian army at that time were divided into four parts: infantry (pawns), cavalry (horses), elephants (bishops), and chariots or ships (towers). From India, chess spread first to Central Asia and Persia. In the 7th century, the Arabs also became passionate chess fans. "The Arabs often stayed at chess tables for whole days," wrote the historian Niebuhr.

There was a heated argument between the translators of the Quran, Asuhanilagu and Majiku-tha Anasi (715-795 AD), about whether it was appropriate to call chess players lost in thought or to shout "Down with the devil!"

Although chess was held in high esteem among the ancient Eastern peoples, the historian Ali-Gharib wrote that the rulers of Medina were reluctant to marry their daughters to men who played chess. They believed that chess could be too dangerous a match for their daughters.

The first treatises on chess appear in the 9th century. Here we first mention an ancient Tajik manuscript found in the archives of the Tajik State University in 1949. The author is the Tajik chess master Abullath-Ahmal-Sidfiel.

The manuscript consists of 150 pages; the author of the book discusses the popularity of chess. Vipi notes that the game of chess was played both in the palaces of kings and in the markets. The manuscript also contains about 300 chess problems and 160 poems about chess. One of the most famous Arab chess masters, Ali-Ailli, wrote the Book of Chess (Kitab al-Shatrand), while his rival, Al-Razi, wrote the book The Beauty of the Game of Chess.

During this period, chess was called checkerboard, and the moves of some pieces differed from those of modern pieces. For example, a queen could only move one square to the side, while a bishop could only move one square diagonally. A pawn could only move one square forward, and only a queen could capture it. Handcrafts were unknown at that time. Only the moves of the rook, rook, and knight resembled the moves we know today. Victory could be achieved in three ways: by claiming a checkmate, capturing all of the opponent's pieces, or ending the game with a pawn.

The Arabs, while conquering Spain, introduced chess to Europeans. The game first flourished in Spain and Southern Italy.

In 1010, the Count of Urgel, Ermengaros, left a bequest of crystal chess pieces in his will. The most famous document of this period is the letter of Cardinal Damiani to Pope Alexander II, dated 1061. The cardinal reports that the bishop of Florence had once enticed the inhabitants of the city to play chess for money. The priest easily defeated them and then scolded them. Later, Damiani reports that he punished the money-hungry bishop by ordering him to recite long prayers three times a day, wash the feet of twelve beggars, and feed and give them gifts.

Gradually, chess became the fashionable game of kings and high society. The 11th-century Kädä manuscript mentions the following seven "knightly arts: riding, swimming, archery, fencing, bird-catching, dribbling, and chess".

In 1266, Count Novello, patron of the great poet Dante, invited the Saracen chess master Borcago to his Florentine castle, where he challenged the courtiers to a simultaneous game against three opponents. The master won two games but drew one.

Among the most notable medieval chess treatises are the "Codex," commissioned by the Spanish King Alfonso X in 1283, which includes the rules of chess and 103 problems, as well as the work "Bonus Socius" ("A Pleasant Friend"), published in Florence in 1300. Ages left no mentor for the following Renaissance. The level of the game was so high that no one was able to master it. However, the end of the 15th century and the end of the 16th century can be considered the golden age of the development of the game of chess. The emergence of masters and scientists, who were likened to artists from the 15th century, fixed new rules of the game, which have already become very popular. By increasing the scope of the game of checkers and laydon, the dynamics of the game were achieved.

Here is a manuscript from the library of the University of Göttingen, which contains 33 parchment pages of postcards for the first time. This problem was solved by the Portuguese chemist Damiano, whose book was published in Rome in 1512. Speaking about the rules of the book, Diane also gave some methodological advice, one of which was that neving should not be done without a purpose.

One of the most remarkable works that particularly popularized chess was the work of the poet Vida (1527). In 700 verses (hexameters), the poet tells how the forefather of the gods, Oceanus, invites all the gods to him and introduces the latter to the game of chess he invented. Then Apollo and Mercury are asked to play the first game of chess in the presence of the gods. Vida describes these Olympic games so beautifully that the figures in the poem become living characters and fight like Homeric heroes. The fight is intense and interesting, with varying success. The game ends with the victory of the cunning Mercury. At the end of the drama, Jupiter gives the nymph Kaisa a beautiful chess set, Jupiter sends her to people so that she can also introduce people to this game.

After this story, in foreign literature, we often hear about the chess goddess Kaisa. To this day, magazines are published and clubs exist in which the name "Kaisas" appears, which is incomprehensible to many.

The following story is known about the most prominent chess player of this period. During the reign of Pope Gregory XIII, a young man from Cutro lived in Rome named Leonardo. His parents sent him to Rome to study jurisprudence. However, the son began to be so fond of chess that he soon abandoned science. Leonardo achieved great success and surpassed all the strongest chess players in Rome. Leonardo was short in stature and therefore was not called by name but was called Il Puttino, the little one. At this time, the Spanish chess master, the priest Rui Lopez, the great-grandson of King Philip XI of Spain, arrived in Rome. For many outstanding victories, the king had presented Lopez with a golden collar with a large rook, also made of pure gold! With his textbook «Arte juego del axedres» published in 1561, Lopez had laid the foundations of chess theory. If until now, chess literature authors had mainly dealt only with the classification of problems, then Lopes tried to motivate the weaknesses and strengths of various cards.

The first meeting between Lopez and Leonardo took place in Rome. This match ended with Lopez's overwhelming victory. Leonardo was even more upset by the fact that Lopez behaved arrogantly.

There was a big chess club, which was then called the Chess Academy. For two years he diligently studied chess theory, becoming a strong master. Hungry for revenge, Leonardo did not give up. One fine day, the young man arrived in Madrid.

His first rematch with the famous Lopez ended in a draw, but after that Leonardo could not win. To save the honor of Spain, Cerón from Granada arrived in Madrid. However, Leonardo defeated him too. The second Leonardo-Lopez match, which took place at Poipet, also ended with Leonardo's victory, 3:2. After that, Leonardo went to Lisbon, where he was forced to surrender to More, the strongest chess player in the court of King Sebastian of Portugal. For this victory, the king lavished Leonardo with gifts and bestowed on him the title of knight errant.

Returning to Madrid, Leonardo met the Italian businessman Paolo Bot. The news of Leonardo's great success in Spain had attracted him to Madrid. During the first three days, no one managed to win, but on the fourth day, Bei defeated all the parties. He was shocked and left the next day without saying goodbye to anyone.

Leonardo's fate ended tragically. The remarkable master was poisoned at the age of 45 by his butler. In contrast, Leonardo lived to a ripe old age. Leonardo also traveled a lot. He even fought with the Turks, who were praised in those days as passionate Bahists.

«The next troubadour of the Golden Age in chess was the Italian Gioachino Greco (1600-1634). Born in the Italian town of Celico, he grew up in Calabria and therefore called himself a Calabrian in his works. Already in his early youth he left his homeland, going on trips to Rome, Lorraine, and France. Greco became especially famous in Paris, where he defeated all his opponents. According to the Italian writer Salvio, during this time Greco received 7,500 gold dalders for his victories in chess. Greco's performances in England, Spain, and his native Italy were also crowned with brilliant victories.

Greco's theoretical work Treatise on Chess attracted great attention. Thus, the main features of the so-called Italian school are visible: to attack the opponent's king at all costs, regardless of the sacrifices of the Ligurians and pawns. If the whirlwind attack failed, then the attacker resigned himself to staying at the beaten trough. It doesn't matter if he lost. After all, the attacker had fulfilled his duty of honor by boldly throwing himself into the attack, relying on divine guidance. Of course, this was a one-sided approach that could only bring success against weak opponents.

During this period, chess was called checkerboard, and the moves of some pieces differed from those of modern pieces. For example, a queen could only move one square to the side, while a bishop could only move one square diagonally. A pawn could only move one square forward, and only a queen could capture it. Handcrafts were unknown at that time. Only the moves of the rook, rook, and knight resembled the moves we know today. Victory could be achieved in three ways: by claiming a checkmate, capturing all of the opponent's pieces, or ending the game with a pawn.

The Arabs, while conquering Spain, introduced chess to Europeans. The game first flourished in Spain and Southern Italy.

In 1010, the Count of Urgel, Ermengaros, left a bequest of crystal chess pieces in his will. The most famous document of this period is the letter of Cardinal Damiani to Pope Alexander II, dated 1061. The cardinal reports that the bishop of Florence had once enticed the inhabitants of the city to play chess for money. The priest easily defeated them and then scolded them. Later, Damiani reports that he punished the money-hungry bishop by ordering him to recite long and long prayers three times a day, wash the feet of twelve beggars, and feed and give them gifts.

Gradually, chess became the fashionable game of kings and high society. The 11th-century Kädä manuscript mentions the following seven "knightly arts: riding, swimming, archery, fencing, bird-catching, dribbling, and chess."

In 1266, Count Novello, patron of the great poet Dante, invited the Saracen chess master Borcago to his Florentine castle, where he challenged the courtiers to a simultaneous game against three opponents. The master won two games, but drew one.

Among the most notable medieval chess treatises are the "Codex" commissioned by the Spanish King Alfonso X in 1283, which includes the rules of chess and 103 problems, as well as the work "Bonus Socius" ("A Pleasant Friend") published in Florence in 1300.Ages left no mentor for the following Renaissance. The level of the game was so high that no one was able to master it. However, the end of the 15th century and the end of the 16th century can be considered the golden age of the development of the game of chess. The emergence of masters and scientists, who were likened to artists from the 15th century, fixed new rules of the game, which have already become very popular. By increasing the scope of the game of checkers and laydon, the dynamics of the game were achieved.

Here is a manuscript from the library of the University of Göttingen, which contains 33 parchment pages of postcards for the first time. This problem was solved by the Portuguese chemist Damiano, whose book was published in Rome in 1512. Speaking about the rules of the book, Diane also gave some methodological advice, one of which was that Neving should not be done without a purpose.

One of the most remarkable works that particularly popularized chess was the work of the poet Vida (1527). In 700 verses (hexameters), the poet tells how the forefather of the gods, Oceanus, invites all the gods to him and introduces the latter to the game of chess he invented. Then Apollo and Mercury are asked to play the first game of chess in the presence of the gods. Vida describes these Olympic games so beautifully that the figures in the poem become living characters and fight like Homeric heroes. The fight is intense, interesting and with varying success. The game ends with the victory of the cunning Mercury. At the end of the drama, Jupiter gives the nymph Kaisa a beautiful chess set, sends her to people, so that she can also introduce people to this game.

After this story, in foreign literature, we often hear about the chess goddess Kaisa. To this day, magazines are published and clubs exist, in which the name "Kaisas" appears, which is incomprehensible to many.

The following story is known about the most prominent chess player of this period. During the reign of Pope Gregory XIII, a young man from Cutria lived in Rome, named Leonardo. His parents sent him to Rome to study Jurisprudence. However, the son began to be so fond of chess that he soon abandoned science. Leonardo achieved great success and surpassed all the strongest chess players in Rome. Leonardo was short in stature and therefore was not called by name, but was called Il Puttinos the little one. At this time, the Spanish chess master, the priest Rui Lopez, the great-grandson of King Philip XI of Spain, arrived in Rome. For many outstanding victories, the king had presented Lopez with a golden collar with a large rook, also made of pure gold! With his textbook «Arte juego del axedres» published in 1561, Lopez had laid the foundations of chess theory. If until now, chess literature authors had mainly dealt only with the classification of problems, then Lopes tried to motivate the weaknesses and strengths of various cards,

The first meeting between Lopez and Leonardo took place in Rome. This match ended with Lopez's overwhelming victory. Leonardo was even more upset by the fact that Lopez behaved arrogantly.

There was a big chess club, which was then called the Chess Academy. For two years he diligently studied Chess theory, becoming a strong master. Hungry for revenge, Leonardo did not give up. One fine day, the young man arrived in Madrid.

His first rematch with the famous Lopez ended in a draw, but after that Leonardo could not win. To save the honor of Spain, Cerón from Granada arrived in Madrid. However, Leonardo defeated him too. The second Leonardo-Lopez match, which took place at Poipet, also ended with Leonardo's victory 3:2. After that, Leonardo went to Lisbon, where he was forced to surrender to More, the strongest chess player in the court of King Sebastian of Portugal. For this victory, the king lavished Leonardo with gifts and bestowed on him the title of knight errant.

Returning to Madrid, Leonardo met the Italian businessman Paolo Bot. The news of Leonardo's great success in Spain had attracted him to Madrid. During the first three days, no one managed to win, but on the fourth day, Bei defeated all the parties. He was shocked and left the next day, without saying goodbye to anyone.

Leonardo's fate ended tragically. The remarkable master was poisoned at the age of 45 by his butler. In contrast, Leonardo lived to a ripe old age. Leonardo also traveled a lot. He even fought with the Turks, who were praised in those days as passionate Bahists.

«The next troubadour of the Golden Age in chess was the Italian Dloakino Greco (1600-1634). Born in the Italian town of Celico, he grew up in Calabria and therefore called himself a Calabrian in his works. Already in his early youth he left his homeland, going on trips to Rome, Lorraine and France. Greco became especially famous in Paris, where he defeated all his opponents. According to the Italian writer Salvio, during this time Greco received 7,500 gold dalders for his victories in chess. Greco's performances in England, Spain and his native Italy were also crowned with brilliant victories.

Greco's theoretical work Treatise on Chess attracted great attention. Thus, the main features of the so-called Italian school are visible: to attack the opponent's checkmate king at all costs, regardless of the sacrifices of the Ligurians and pawns. If the whirlwind attack failed, then the attacker resigned himself to staying at the beaten trough. It doesn't matter if he lost. After all, the attacker had fulfilled his duty of honor by boldly throwing himself into the attack, relying on divine guidance. Of course, this was a one-sided approach that could only bring success against weak opponents.

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Art Of Chess (6th–15th Century)

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Chess originated in India. Scientists have determined that chess was invented around the 6th century. However, the rules of the game at that time differed significantly from those of today.

There is a popular legend about the origin of the game of chess. An Indian Maharaja was so delighted with chess that he said to its inventor, the Brahmin, "You are a very wise man. For this wonderful discovery, I have decided to reward you richly. Ask for whatever you wish, even half of my kingdom."

"Oh, your highness," exclaimed the Brahmin, "order your storekeeper to place one grain of wheat on the first square of the chessboard, two on the second, four on the third, eight on the fourth, sixteen on the fifth, and so on, on each subsequent square, twice as many as on the previous one, until all 64 squares are filled!"

The courtiers began to laugh loudly at the unusual request, but the Maharaja became angry and exclaimed, "Your request is not worthy of a wise man. You dare to ask such trifles of me, the great ruler!"

However, the inventor of chess did not give up his wish, and the ruler finally ordered his "small request" to be fulfilled.

After a long and complicated calculation, it turned out that the mighty Maharaja could not fulfill the Brahmin's request, because in the end it turned out that the required amount of wheat was expressed by the following astronomical number: 18,446,744,073,709,551,6151.

Another legend describing the beauty of chess ends like this: After the god Shiva extended Arsen's life as a reward for his victory in chess against the invincible Delhi Bonza, Arsen was asked, "How will you spend your life now?"

"I'll sleep to live the dream, but when I wake up, I'll play chess," Arsen replied.

In India, chess was called "chaturanga." The combat units of the Indian army at that time were divided into four parts: infantry (pawns), cavalry (horses), elephants (bishops), and chariots or ships (towers). From India, chess spread first to Central Asia and Persia. In the 7th century, the Arabs also became passionate chess fans. "The Arabs often stayed at chess tables for whole days," wrote the historian Niebuhr.

There was a heated argument between the translators of the Quran, Asuhanilagu and Majiku-tha Anasi (715-795 AD), about whether it was appropriate to call chess players lost in thought or to shout "Down with the devil!"

Although chess was held in high esteem among the ancient Eastern peoples, the historian Ali-Gharib wrote that the rulers of Medina were reluctant to marry their daughters to men who played chess. They believed that chess could be too dangerous a match for their daughters.

The first treatises on chess appear in the 9th century. Here we first mention an ancient Tajik manuscript found in the archives of the Tajik State University in 1949. The author is the Tajik chess master Abullath-Ahmal-Sidfiel.

The manuscript consists of 150 pages; the author of the book discusses the popularity of chess. Vipi notes that the game of chess was played both in the palaces of kings and in the markets. The manuscript also contains about 300 chess problems and 160 poems about chess. One of the most famous Arab chess masters, Ali-Ailli, wrote the Book of Chess (Kitab al-Shatrand), while his rival, Al-Razi, wrote the book The Beauty of the Game of Chess.

During this period, chess was called checkerboard, and the moves of some pieces differed from those of modern pieces. For example, a queen could only move one square to the side, while a bishop could only move one square diagonally. A pawn could only move one square forward, and only a queen could capture it. Handcrafts were unknown at that time. Only the moves of the rook, rook, and knight resembled the moves we know today. Victory could be achieved in three ways: by claiming a checkmate, capturing all of the opponent's pieces, or ending the game with a pawn.

The Arabs, while conquering Spain, introduced chess to Europeans. The game first flourished in Spain and Southern Italy.

In 1010, the Count of Urgel, Ermengaros, left a bequest of crystal chess pieces in his will. The most famous document of this period is the letter of Cardinal Damiani to Pope Alexander II, dated 1061. The cardinal reports that the bishop of Florence had once enticed the inhabitants of the city to play chess for money. The priest easily defeated them and then scolded them. Later, Damiani reports that he punished the money-hungry bishop by ordering him to recite long prayers three times a day, wash the feet of twelve beggars, and feed and give them gifts.

Gradually, chess became the fashionable game of kings and high society. The 11th-century Kädä manuscript mentions the following seven "knightly arts: riding, swimming, archery, fencing, bird-catching, dribbling, and chess".

In 1266, Count Novello, patron of the great poet Dante, invited the Saracen chess master Borcago to his Florentine castle, where he challenged the courtiers to a simultaneous game against three opponents. The master won two games but drew one.

Among the most notable medieval chess treatises are the "Codex," commissioned by the Spanish King Alfonso X in 1283, which includes the rules of chess and 103 problems, as well as the work "Bonus Socius" ("A Pleasant Friend"), published in Florence in 1300. Ages left no mentor for the following Renaissance. The level of the game was so high that no one was able to master it. However, the end of the 15th century and the end of the 16th century can be considered the golden age of the development of the game of chess. The emergence of masters and scientists, who were likened to artists from the 15th century, fixed new rules of the game, which have already become very popular. By increasing the scope of the game of checkers and laydon, the dynamics of the game were achieved.

Here is a manuscript from the library of the University of Göttingen, which contains 33 parchment pages of postcards for the first time. This problem was solved by the Portuguese chemist Damiano, whose book was published in Rome in 1512. Speaking about the rules of the book, Diane also gave some methodological advice, one of which was that neving should not be done without a purpose.

One of the most remarkable works that particularly popularized chess was the work of the poet Vida (1527). In 700 verses (hexameters), the poet tells how the forefather of the gods, Oceanus, invites all the gods to him and introduces the latter to the game of chess he invented. Then Apollo and Mercury are asked to play the first game of chess in the presence of the gods. Vida describes these Olympic games so beautifully that the figures in the poem become living characters and fight like Homeric heroes. The fight is intense and interesting, with varying success. The game ends with the victory of the cunning Mercury. At the end of the drama, Jupiter gives the nymph Kaisa a beautiful chess set, Jupiter sends her to people so that she can also introduce people to this game.

After this story, in foreign literature, we often hear about the chess goddess Kaisa. To this day, magazines are published and clubs exist in which the name "Kaisas" appears, which is incomprehensible to many.

The following story is known about the most prominent chess player of this period. During the reign of Pope Gregory XIII, a young man from Cutro lived in Rome named Leonardo. His parents sent him to Rome to study jurisprudence. However, the son began to be so fond of chess that he soon abandoned science. Leonardo achieved great success and surpassed all the strongest chess players in Rome. Leonardo was short in stature and therefore was not called by name but was called Il Puttino, the little one. At this time, the Spanish chess master, the priest Rui Lopez, the great-grandson of King Philip XI of Spain, arrived in Rome. For many outstanding victories, the king had presented Lopez with a golden collar with a large rook, also made of pure gold! With his textbook «Arte juego del axedres» published in 1561, Lopez had laid the foundations of chess theory. If until now, chess literature authors had mainly dealt only with the classification of problems, then Lopes tried to motivate the weaknesses and strengths of various cards.

The first meeting between Lopez and Leonardo took place in Rome. This match ended with Lopez's overwhelming victory. Leonardo was even more upset by the fact that Lopez behaved arrogantly.

There was a big chess club, which was then called the Chess Academy. For two years he diligently studied chess theory, becoming a strong master. Hungry for revenge, Leonardo did not give up. One fine day, the young man arrived in Madrid.

His first rematch with the famous Lopez ended in a draw, but after that Leonardo could not win. To save the honor of Spain, Cerón from Granada arrived in Madrid. However, Leonardo defeated him too. The second Leonardo-Lopez match, which took place at Poipet, also ended with Leonardo's victory, 3:2. After that, Leonardo went to Lisbon, where he was forced to surrender to More, the strongest chess player in the court of King Sebastian of Portugal. For this victory, the king lavished Leonardo with gifts and bestowed on him the title of knight errant.

Returning to Madrid, Leonardo met the Italian businessman Paolo Bot. The news of Leonardo's great success in Spain had attracted him to Madrid. During the first three days, no one managed to win, but on the fourth day, Bei defeated all the parties. He was shocked and left the next day without saying goodbye to anyone.

Leonardo's fate ended tragically. The remarkable master was poisoned at the age of 45 by his butler. In contrast, Leonardo lived to a ripe old age. Leonardo also traveled a lot. He even fought with the Turks, who were praised in those days as passionate Bahists.

«The next troubadour of the Golden Age in chess was the Italian Gioachino Greco (1600-1634). Born in the Italian town of Celico, he grew up in Calabria and therefore called himself a Calabrian in his works. Already in his early youth he left his homeland, going on trips to Rome, Lorraine, and France. Greco became especially famous in Paris, where he defeated all his opponents. According to the Italian writer Salvio, during this time Greco received 7,500 gold dalders for his victories in chess. Greco's performances in England, Spain, and his native Italy were also crowned with brilliant victories.

Greco's theoretical work Treatise on Chess attracted great attention. Thus, the main features of the so-called Italian school are visible: to attack the opponent's king at all costs, regardless of the sacrifices of the Ligurians and pawns. If the whirlwind attack failed, then the attacker resigned himself to staying at the beaten trough. It doesn't matter if he lost. After all, the attacker had fulfilled his duty of honor by boldly throwing himself into the attack, relying on divine guidance. Of course, this was a one-sided approach that could only bring success against weak opponents.