Oldest chess game.

The oldest known recorded chess game is between Francesc de Castellvi and Narcis Vinyoles, played in Valencia, Spain, in 1475. This game is historically significant as it is the first documented match played with the modern moves for the queen and bishop, as described in the Catalan poem Scachs d'Amor, meaning "The Chess Game of Love". The game, which lasted 21 moves, ended in checkmate by White. It is considered a key moment in the transition from the medieval game of Shatranj to modern chess, although the exact rules of castling and en passant during this game remain uncertain.

While some sources reference older games from the 10th century, such as one between Abu-Bakr Muhammed Ben Yahya as-Suli and Abu’l-Faraj bin al-Muzaffar bin Sa’-id al-Lajlaj, these are believed to have been played under the rules of Shatranj, which featured different piece movements—such as the fers (queen) moving only one square diagonally and the al-fil (bishop) moving two squares diagonally with a jump. These earlier games are not considered to be played under modern chess rules.

Therefore, the 1475 game between de Castellvi and Vinyoles is widely recognized as the oldest recorded chess game played under the modern rules of chess.