Chess History And Development
Chess History And Development
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Chaturanga-India
Since then, the rules of the game of chess have remained unchanged. After Spain, chess spread rapidly in Italy, France, Germany, the United States and Russia. There are chess books by the Spanish Lucena in the 15th century, the Spanish El Greco in the 17th century, and the French Philidor in the 18th century. At the end of the 19th century, the big stars of chess appeared: Anderssen, Morphy, Rubinstein and Steinitz. Beginning in the 1850s, tournaments were held in which strong players participated.
Finally, in 1886, the first world chess championship match was played between the two strongest chess players of the time: Steinitz and Zukertort. Steinitz won this match with 10 wins, 5 draws and 5 losses (+10 -5 =5). The first official world chess champion is Wilhelm Steinitz. Steinitz is also the father of the concept of systematically playing chess. The starting point of Steinitz's theory is "playing chess by making a plan according to the characteristics of the position". His views and studies on the "Characteristics of Position" became the foundations of the modern game of chess.
Xiangqi: Chinese Chess
Xiangqi, or Chinese Chess, is a variant of chess that is very popular in the Far East (China, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam). It is believed to have the same origin as western chess: Chaturanga. Its current state dates back several centuries. It is currently played by hundreds of millions of people. Stones are wooden scales with the symbol of that stone on them.
In the original game, the pieces are placed at the intersection points of the lines on the board. There are 10 horizontal and 9 vertical rows. A river running through the middle splits the board in two. On both sides of the river, there are two palaces of 3x3 houses, marked with diagonal lines.
The pieces you see in the top and bottom rows, from left to right: Rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, queen, bishop, knight, rook. You see two balls on the 3rd and 8th horizontal. You see five infantrymen on the 4th and 7th horizontal. Rooks play as in normal chess. The horses play as in chess, but they cannot jump over the pieces. In other words, they do the horse move we know by first playing one square linearly and then playing one square diagonally.
For example, a horse with a full square in front of it cannot move forward. Bishops play two squares diagonally, but the square in between must be empty. Elephants cannot cross the river. In the original game, the signs of the black and white bishops are different, but that doesn't matter. The queens can play one square diagonally, but they cannot leave the palace. The king can play one square linearly, but cannot go outside the palace. Again, it does not matter if the signs of the black and white kings are different. Two kings cannot face each other in the same column without another piece between them, such a position is illegal.
For example, if white's king is the only piece in the e column, and black's king is in the f column, the black king cannot come to the e column. While the balls are moving, they move like a normal rook, but their picking is different. In order for the ball to capture an opponent's piece, there must be exactly one piece between it and the opponent's piece. This stone can be a stone of either side.
For example, in the starting position, the balls can take the opponent's horses. Infantry: In Chinese chess, the movements of the infantry are the same as taking stones. If an infantryman is on his side of the river, he can move forward one square and take it the same way. On the other side of the river, it gains the ability to move to the right and left and can take it in these directions. Pawns never play back. They are not promoted when they reach the final rank. And again the signs of the black and white pawns are different, but that doesn't matter.
Other rules White plays first (Reds according to this board). To win you threaten the opposing king and you cannot prevent or threaten this threat, but there is no legal move the opponent can make. Continuous checks and repetitions (these two situations lead to a draw in normal chess) are prohibited. In case the moves are to be repeated, the parties (especially the side that caused the replay situation) have to make other moves. The game is a draw if neither side has a chance to checkmate or pop the opposing king. Although Chinese chess is a beautiful and exciting game, the most important reason why it did not spread in the west is that the traditional pieces are too complicated for non-Chinese people. Traditional pieces really make it difficult to concentrate on the game. But as can be seen on the side, this situation can be easily corrected.
Minishogi Minishogi is a modern variation of Shogi (Japanese Chess). Shigenobu Kusumoto of Osaki recreated or invented this game in 1970. The rules are the same as standard Shogi, but played on a 5x5 board with fewer pieces, and each player's promotion area consists of the rank of the piece farthest from the player. The following figure shows the starting position:
The promotion areas are only 1 row behind, not 3 rows. All other rules are the same as in standard Shogi.
Chess in Iran
This precious game was sent to test the intelligence and wisdom of the Persian rulers. This diplomatic journey has now become a scientific pillar to put an end to the debate over the origin of the game of chess for years.
“I am convinced that chess was discovered in India, not in China or Persia, as one might think,” says Renate Syed, a cultural historian from Munich. For him, chess developed not from old games, but from war tactics. This is where the Sanskrit name 'caturanga' came from. So chess was not actually a game, but a method of developing war strategies and tactics.
Chess, which was first discussed in the Shahnameh, which describes the developments in the city of Kanauj in 630 AD in India, is not yet mentioned in comprehensive sources such as Kamasutra of 450 AD. Syed estimates that chess was discovered around the city of Kanauj around 450 B.C. and was developed at that time by people looking for communities similar to them. The region's rulers waged 'great socially significant' wars among themselves and battled their four-banded armies (the army was also called caturanga) on the surrounding broad plains, according to complex chess rules. While the peasant infantry advanced as victims, the assault units were protected by armored elephants so they could frighten and crush the opposing infantry and cavalry. The archers were driving their four-harness chariots towards the enemy lines at great speed, and the cavalry tried to encircle the enemy.
But how did they come up with the idea of producing complex war theories with figurines? This is not difficult to understand, because painting had an important place in Indian culture. For example, images of war preparations or battle scenes were embroidered on palace carpets by Brahmans. The fact that game pieces were used for battle tactics, therefore, does not seem at all surprising. In addition, the soldier, cavalry and elephant figurines, which have been described as toys or cult objects until now, exactly match this painting.
After a certain time, scholars adapted the 64-square game board, which had already been used in India for a long time, to this chess game and paved the way for the game of chess. The game of chess, with its figures and movements, really resembles the rules of war in the Indian army. On the game board, villagers (pawns) attack ahead. The movement of the rook, which can go straight from one side of the chessboard to the other, reflects the maneuver of the chariot, while the horse's L-shaped move is based on the skillful tactic of the cavalry to nip the enemy. According to the rules in the army, the king was advancing with slow steps from the back row, protected by the infantry units in front of him.
According to Syed, the two bishop and queen figures in the chess game also brought war strategies in ancient India to the game board. While elephants could move straight like battleships, the queen could only move diagonally on four nearby squares, unlike today.
“Viziers from the most respected families were at the front with the king,” explains Syed. After the Arabs reinforced their armies with large numbers of horses and camels, the vizier got his long move in today's game of chess.
The researcher argues that chess is a game of intelligence of the aristocrats and has never been the scene of claims. The Indians soon discover that 400 different positions can be captured in the game after the pieces turn black and white.
The person who sent this noble game to Persia with his caravan in 565 AD was King Sarvavarman from the Muakhari dynasty, who ruled in the city of Kanauj. Although it is not known whether the ruler Khusrau Anushirvan, who accepted the gift, touched this valuable game set, it is said that he at least tried to learn the rules of the game from a sage named Wazurgmihr. Moreover, the sage found that chess was developed in accordance with the rules of war, but this game did not help the Persians much. As it is known, the Persians would be invaded by the Arabs a few decades later.
Game Milestone
AD 550: Chess finds in Northwest India
AD 600: The first explicit reference to chess in a Persian manuscript describes chess coming to Persia from India.
AD~700: The definitive date of the first chess pieces.
AD 800: Moros bring chess to Spain and Sicily.
AD 900: Early Muslim chess masters as-Suli and al-Lajlaj studied the chess technique.
AD 1000: Chess becomes common in Europe, including Russia.
AD 1300: The first European interpretations of chess in stories.
1475–1500: The birth of the modern game: new moves, especially for the queen and bishop.
1495: First printed chess book.
1497: The first chess book to survive to this day.
1600: First professional actor writers.
1780s: Recording of games played.
1836: First chess magazine.
1849: First US chess tournament.
1851: First international chess tournament.
1866: First clock game.
1883: The first tournament to use specially designed chess clocks.
1886: The first world championship match is accepted.
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