Chess

Chess (English: chess), sometimes also called Western or international chess to distinguish it from variations such as chess, is a board game for two.[1] After a period of development from similar ancient games originating in India and Persia, the present form of chess began to appear in Southern Europe in the second half of the 15th century. Today, chess is one of the most popular games in the world, played by millions of people worldwide at home, in clubs, online, by mail, and in tournaments. Chess is loved in many countries, especially in Russia.[2]

The game uses a square chess board divided into 64 smaller squares with 8 horizontal and 8 vertical rows. Each player will start with 16 pieces, including 8 pawns, 2 knights, 2 statues, 2 rooks, 1 queen and 1 king.[3] The player's goal is to try to hit the opponent's king. The called king is "checked out" while being screened with no way to get out. When a player is shown all over, the game is over or in other words that player has lost.[4] There are also some cases where the game can end in a draw. During the game, two players take turns moving one of their pieces to another position on the board. One player will hold the white piece and the other player will hold the black piece. There are certain rules about the movement of pieces as well as the capture of the opponent's pieces. The player holding the white piece goes first. Therefore, the player holding white will usually have a small advantage and have a higher win rate.[5]

Organized chess appeared in the 19th century. Today, international chess competition is governed by FIDE (International Chess Federation). In 1886, Wilhelm Steinitz became the first internationally recognized World Chess Champion; and to date, the reigning world champion is Magnus Carlsen. A large part of chess theory has been developed since the game's inception. Many artistic aspects are found in chess composition; Chess has influenced Western art and culture, as well as having connections to other fields such as mathematics, computer science, and psychology.

Initially, one of the goals of computer scientists was to create a chess playing machine. In 1997, after defeating Garry Kasparov in a match, Deep Blue became the first computer to beat the defending world champion. Although far from perfect, today's chess engines are significantly more powerful than even the best of players, and have profoundly influenced the development of chess theory.

Introduce
Chess is not a game of chance, it is based purely on tactics and strategy. However, the game is so complex that even the best players cannot count all the options: although there are only 64 squares and 32 pieces on the board, the number of moves that can be far exceeds the number of atoms in the universe.[6]

Chess is one of the world's most popular mind games; it is talked about not only as a game but also as art, science and sport. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract war game; as well as "intellectual matches", and playing chess is seen as a way to train thinking and bravery. Chess is played for fun as well as for competition in chess clubs, tournaments, online and mailing. Many variations and games similar to chess are played all over the world. Among them the most popular in descending order of number of players are chess (in China, Vietnam), shōgi (in Japan), janggi (in Korea) and makruk (in Thailand).

History

The earliest references to the origins of chess date back to the early 7th century: three were written in Pahlavi (Middle Persian)[7] and one in Sanskrit, Harshacharita.[ 8] Among these texts, Chatrang-namak represents one of the earliest written documents on chess. Bozorgmehr explains that Chatrang, from Pahlavi for chess, was introduced to Persia by 'Dewasarm, a great ruler of India' during the reign of Khosrau I.[9] By the 20th century, there was a large consensus among historians[10][11] that chess was first played in northern India during the Gupta Empire in the 7th century.[12] [13] Recently, this consensus has become a subject of greater scrutiny.[14]

The original form of chess in India was called chaturaṅga (Sanskrit: चतुरङ्ग), a Sanskrit word for army. Gupta pieces are divided like their army into infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots. Over time, these pieces become pawns, statues, knights, and chariots. Chaturanga is played on an unmarked 8×8 board, called ashtāpada.[15] The game spread east and west along the Silk Road. The earliest evidence of chess was found in nearby Sasanian Persia around AD 600, and was known as chatrang. Chatrang was introduced into the Muslim world after the Muslim conquest of Persia (633–51), and was named shatranj. In Spanish, "shatranj" is written as ajedrez ("al-shatranj"), in Portuguese as xadrez and in Greek as ζατρίκιον (zatrikion, directly derived from Persian chatrang) ,[16] but in the rest of Europe it was superseded by Persian versions of shāh ("king").[17]

There is a theory that the name change took place because before chess came to Europe, merchants traveled to Europe and brought with them kings decorated as rare objects and with them names. shāh, this name has been mispronounced by Europeans in various ways.

Check it all out: In English, checkmate is a translation of the phrase shāh māt, which in Persian means "king out of the way". In Arabic it means "dead shāh", but shāh is not a common Arabic word for "king" (except sometimes in chess).
Vehicle: In English is rook. It is derived via Arabic from the Persian word rukh, which means "chariot drawn", but also means "cheek" (part of the face) and also means a legendary bird with power called roc.
Statue: In English is bishop. The Arabic al-fīl (from Persian pīl) means "elephant", but in Europe and the western part of the Muslim world then little or nothing was known about elephants and their names. chess pieces came to Western Europe in the Latin form alfinus and similarly, a word with no meaning (in Spanish, it evolved into the name alfil). The English episcopal name is a renaming created after its conventional shape, the bishop's mitra. However, in Russia, the name of this piece is slon = "elephant".
Hau: In English, it is queen. Persian farzīn = vizia - high official in the ancient Islamic world, similar to vizier who became Arabic firzān, it came to Europe in forms like alfferza, fers etc. but was later replaced with "post".
Chess came to Russia by way of Mongolia, where chess has been played since the beginning of the 7th century. It was introduced to Spain by the Moors in the 10th century, and is described in the famous 13th-century manuscript of chess, backgammon and dice called Libro de los juegos. Chess also goes overland through Siberia to Alaska.

Chess is the most famous form of chess in China. Chess's eastward migration, to China and Southeast Asia, is even less well documented than its westward migration, making this largely conjecture. The word "Xiangqi" (象棋) in China has been used to refer to a game as late as 569 AD, but it has not been proven to be directly related to chess. [18][19] The first reference to chess appears in a book titled Mysterious and Strange Records 玄怪錄 ("Record of Mystery and Strangeness"), dating back to about 800. In addition, several people argues that chess arose from a similar game of Chinese chess, or at least from the ancestor of chess,[20] that has existed in China since the 2nd century BC, although this has been denied. controversy.[21] Joseph Needham and David Li are two of the many scholars who follow this theory. Finally, the Chinese believe that chess originated from the Manchu Chinese chess founded by the Qing Dynasty. However, Tuong Ky seems to exhibit some intrinsic characteristics that make it easier to construct an evolutionary path from China to India/Persia than the other way around.[22]

Rule
The rules of chess are published in the Handbook by FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs) and last revised in 2018. The rules are published by national governing bodies, or by organisations. unaffiliated chess, commercial publishers, etc., may differ in some details.

The pieces are divided into two sets of different colors. Although always referred to as "white" and "black", the color of the pieces is not always literally white and black (for example, a brightly colored piece may have a slightly darker color). light yellow or white, dark pieces can be brown or red). The player is also referred to as White and Black respectively. Each set consists of 16 pieces: a king, a queen, two chariots, two statues, two horses, and eight pawns (pawns).

Chess is played on a square board consisting of eight rows (English: rank)[23] numbered from 1 to 8 and eight columns (English: file)[24] numbered a through h. By convention, 64 squares have alternating colors and are called light and dark (or white and black); Common colors for the board are white and black,[25] white and brown,[26][27] or white and dark green.[28] Cells located on the same diagonal row will have the same color.[29]

The layout of the chessboard is done in the same way as in the pictures and diagrams. Thus, the white piece will be placed in the first row (row 1) in order from left to right (from a to h) respectively: rook, horse, statue, queen, king, statue, horse, rook. The second row is arranged with 8 white pawns.[30] The arrangement of the black pieces is completely symmetrical with the white pieces in the last two rows.[31] The chessboard will be placed in the correct rows and columns as shown in the diagram. However, there are some cases where the chessboard will not have numbers and characters. In that case, the chessboard will be placed according to the principle of "light right square", meaning that the bottom right corner of the player is always a light box.[32] In addition to the car, the horse, and the statue always stand symmetrically with each other, the exact positions of the king and queen are remembered according to the principle "after the color, stand in the color box", that is, "the white queen is in the white box, the black queen is in the white square". black box".[33]

Move chess pieces
Chess pieces
Chess kdt45.svg King Chess klt45.svg
Chess qdt45.svg Late Chess qlt45.svg
Chess rdt45.svg Car Chess rlt45.svg
Chess bdt45.svg Chess Statue blt45.svg
Chess ndt45.svg Chess Code nlt45.svg
Chess pdt45.svg Good Chess plt45.svg
In a match, the division of chess pieces for players will be decided by the organizers. In an informal game of chess, the black-and-white division is decided at random, be it a coin toss, or a player hides a white pawn in one hand, a black pawn in the other. and let the opponent choose.[1] The white player moves first, then the players take turns, moving one piece each turn (unless in castle, two pieces are moved at the same time). A piece is moved to an empty square (or does not have its own piece). If the required square has an opponent's piece available, the opponent's piece is captured and removed from the game. Except for the case of catching a good pass, all pieces can only catch the opponent's piece when moving into the correct square where that piece is standing. Migration is required; the player must not skip a turn, even if having to move is disadvantageous.

Each chess piece has its own way of moving. In the diagram, the dots mark the squares where the piece can move if there are no piece(s) standing in the middle of the line (except for the knight jumping over any intervening pieces). All pieces except the pawn can capture an enemy piece if it is on the square they can move to. The squares where the pawns can capture the enemy are marked in the diagram with black crosses.

The pieces have different moves:

The vehicle (international symbol R - Rook) moves in straight lines along a column or row to an empty square without any pieces on the way or to a cell occupied by the opponent (takes a piece) but cannot overtake the piece standing in that square. The only exception is import. It can then jump over its king to stand next to it. Only cars have water like that. See also enter city.
The statue (international symbol B - Bishop) moves diagonally to the square of the same color with the same principle as the car to an empty square or a cell occupied by the opponent (take the piece).
The queen (international symbol Q - Queen) has a move that is a simple combination of the movement of the vehicle and the statue. In a move it can move diagonally or in a straight line along a column or row, with the same principle of going and taking pieces as statues and chariots.
The code (international symbol N - Knight) can move to an empty cell or to a cell occupied by the opponent (capture) in the shape of an L (3×2 or 2×3 rectangle). The knight is not blocked like in chess.
Pawns (without symbols) can move straight forward only one square at a time to an empty space (go without taking pieces), but when moving pieces to capture enemy pieces, go diagonal. For example, the white pawn on cell c4 has the right to capture the opponent's piece at b5 or d5 if either of these squares is occupied by the opponent's piece, or move to cell c5 if the square is empty, except for the following two cases:
It can move 1 or 2 tiles if it goes from its starting position to an unoccupied tile, but cannot jump over another piece to get there. For example, the white pawn at g2 can go to g3 or g4 if this is its first move and the tiles are not occupied, but it cannot go to g4 if the g3 tile is already occupied.
In the case when some white pawn reaches row 5 (for example to e5) and one of the black side's two columns is located right next to the column that this white pawn is holding (in the case of given column d and column f) go from the first starting position (d7 or f7) to jump 2 squares to d5/f5, the white pawn is at position e5 right at the move then has the right to take the black pawn at cell d5/f5 and move forward to cell d6/f6. This right is automatically lost, if at the next move white moves another piece. The same goes for black pawn when it has occupied row 4. This is the case in chess what is called en passant. The pawn also has another feature that when it moves to the last row, the player has the right to grant it to any heavy or light piece (queen, rook, statue, knight).
The king (international symbol K - King) is the most important piece, if the king loses, the player loses. Each move it can take pieces or move to cells surrounding the square it is currently occupying, but cannot go to the square that its own piece is holding or the squares controlled by the opponent's piece. The only exception is import. It can then move two squares at the same time as moving its rook so that rook stands next to it towards the center column. The symbols for merge are 0-0 (merge into near) and 0-0-0 (enter as far). See also enter city.
Note: When actually casting a castle, according to FIDE rules, it is always necessary to move the king first and do it with a single hand.
When taking the opponent's piece, the attacking piece will move to that square and replace the opponent's piece at this position, en passant is the only exception. The captured piece is removed from the board. The king cannot fail to protect from the tatami, so when being drawn, the player must take measures to save the king (move the king from the position of the screen, capture the currently playing piece or use his other piece to block the way). if possible). If there is no move to save the king, the player is locked and loses.

Chess games don't always end with squash. One side may ask to lose, may lose due to running out of time or breaking the rules of the game. Draw games are possible. A chess game is a draw when: by agreement of both sides because neither side dares to take the risk or when there is not enough force to show all, fall into a state of stalemate, both sides repeat the third move. times or the rule of 50 moves (perpetual check).

Strategy and Tactics
The opening is a series of moves at the start of play, often following certain methods, that help the player build stances and develop pieces in preparation for the mid game. The usual opening positions are built on the principle of occupying the center of the board (including 4 central squares e4, e5, d4 and d5), developing pieces, protecting the king and creating a good structure strong enough . The view of modern chess holds that control of the center is not only due to the pawns but also to the strength of the other pieces. A very important way to protect the king and quickly deploy the rooks is to cast a castle to put the king in a difficult position to attack, but not every game requires a castle. See also List of chess openings for more information.

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ck rookc8 black kinge6 black knightf5 white bishopb4 white knightb1 white kingd1 white queen
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The Black Knight at e6 is pinned by the White Statue at f5 with the Black King at c8 and the White Knight at b4 is pinned by the Black Rook at b8 to the White King at b1.
Determining the value of pieces is an important part of changing pieces in chess. Values vary slightly in chess books, but it is generally assumed that the queen is worth 9 points, the rook is worth 5 points, the statue and rook are all worth 3 points and the pawn is worth 1 point. . Since losing the king is equivalent to losing the chess, its value is infinite, in the endgame it is about 3.5 points. In chess programming, it is common to give the king some very large value (eg 2000 points). The true value and importance of a piece cannot actually be assigned so simply because it depends on the position of the piece. For example, a rook in a bad position is not as valuable as a rook in a good position. If a player does a handoff (allowing the opponent to capture his or her high value piece) they will normally forgo the relative values of that piece in exchange for strategic or superiority advantages. about the position of the attacking troops.

Some basic positional principles common to most chess and trap strategies are:

A double attack, also known as a double, double (English: fork) is a situation when one piece threatens two or more opponent's pieces at the same time. Usually it is difficult for the opponent to defend both his pieces in the same move when attacked. Many chess literature confuse the double attack with the double pitch, in fact the double pitch is just the double attack of the Ma and the Pawn. Every piece except the border pawn can perform a double pitch or double attack, including the King.
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Chessboard480.svgc6 black queeng6 black kinge5 white knightg3 white kingf1 white queen
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Black king and queen are double pointed by white code
Pins, also known as bracing (English: pin) can also be used to prevent the opponent's piece from moving by indirectly threatening any piece behind the pinned piece if the pinned piece moves. If the piece behind the braced piece is the King, we say the piece in the middle (the piece that is tied) is fully braced. If the piece can still move on the tie line, that piece is relatively fully braced. There are different bracing structures, such as cross bracing and double bracing.
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The black queen is pinned by the white statue and the white car is pinned by the black statue
The skewer is the opposite of a pin when a piece of higher value is being attacked and it is in front of a piece of less value.
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Black queen is skewered by a white car
There are other principles, such as a piece moving away from where it is standing to open the way for another piece to attack, called "open attack". There are also other tactical principles: intermediate moves (Threatening the opponent without a mat, taking or giving away troops, so such moves are difficult to detect), destroying the lack of protection (ie when If the enemy army is defended with less force than the attacking force, people often try to change troops to gain advantage in force, mainly hitting the defenders to lose the bond of defense. their defenders), overloading (i.e. when a piece is locked into a position to defend and defend multiple targets) and demobilization (moving troops into an attacked position causing the opponent to mistake it for a "free" piece) , and then make counter-attacks to achieve larger goals, such as having a good position or getting back the piece you just gave up and capturing more of the enemy).

Children's Chess Tournament in Minnesota, USA in 2009
During the end of the game, the pawns and kings became relatively stronger because the heavy and light forces of both sides were significantly reduced. Both sides then tend to move well quickly to level it up. If a player has a clear advantage in terms of force, it is only a matter of time and the game will be over quickly, but if the game is relatively balanced in strength, mastering the strategy of chess is over. is very important. In timed chess tournaments, controlling the tempo (time for each move) is extremely important when there are few pieces on the board. In many cases, the player has the advantage of force but loses the chess due to running out of time. In addition, when the force is not enough to check all and both have made enough moves according to the time without moving the pawn, the game leads to a draw (50 moves). For example, if the player has 1 king and 2 tokens left, in most cases it is not possible to check all the opponent with only 1 king (there is an exception).

Variations of the form of play
Beside the secondary body.

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