HISTORY AND RULES OF THE GAME OF CHE
A long time ago, precisely in the 6th century, chess was developed in India at the time of King Shirman. The current form of the game emerged in southern Europe in the second half of the 15th century, having evolved from a much older similar game in India. Today chess is the most popular game that can be played at home, in clubs, on the Internet, by mail or in tournaments.
By the end of the 15th century, the modern rules for basic moves were adopted (in Italy): pawns gain the option of moving two squares on their first move and capturing them en passant; madmen can move as far along a free diagonal (previously limited to moving exactly two squares per diagonal), while they lose the ability to jump pieces, and the queen was allowed to move as far as far in any direction, making it the strongest piece (previously, it could only move one square diagonally. There were still variations in the castling rules and results in the bed situation.
These changes together helped chess by making it more open to analysis and therefore easier to follow. The game in Europe at that time was almost the same as it is played today. The current rules were finalized in the 19th century, except for the exact conditions for the draw.
The most popular set of chess pieces, "Staunton", was created by Nathaniel Cook in 1849, approved by a leading player of his time, Howard Staunton, and officially adopted by FIDE in 1924.
Staunton himself organized the first world chess championship in 1850. However, he avoided matches against the strongest competitors of the time. The first player widely recognized as a world champion was Wilhelm Steinitz in 1866.
The title of "Master" was created by the Russian Tsar Nicholas II who awarded it for the first time in 1914 to five players, after a tournament that was financed in Saint Petersburg.
The World Chess Federation (FIDE) was founded in 1924. When world champion Alexandr Alekhin died in 1946, FIDE took over the organization of the World Championship. Prior to this date, champions would choose against whom and under what conditions they would accept a title match. FIDE also assumed the role of awarding the titles of Master and International Master, as well as assigning numerical ratings to players.
In 1993, in the middle of a cycle of world champion matches, Garry Kasparov and Nigel Short refused to let FIDE organize their own title matches. They complained about the corruption and lack of professionalism in FIDE, and formed a rival organization the Professional Chess Association. Since then, there have been two simultaneous championships, the World Champions and the World Championships: one being an extension of the Steinitz rules, where the current champion plays a competitor in a match format (a series of several games), the other championship following the new FIDE rules just like in tennis, in knockout style, or "Knockout" - tournament with dozens of competing players..
After being considered a mere curiosity, computer chess programs have grown in skill to the point where they can seriously compete with human masters.
World No. 1 Kasparov played a six-game match against the IBM chess computer Deep Blue in 1996. Deep Blue shocked the world by winning the first game, but Kasparov convincingly won the match by winning 3 games and 2 draws. The rematch in 1997 was won by the machine, which was later retired by IBM.[13] In October 2002, Vladimir Kramnik played in an eight-game match against the computer program Deep Fritz. In 2003, Garry Kasparov played both a six-game match against the computer program Deep Junior in February and a four-game match against X3D Fritz in November.
In May 2002, several world chess leaders met in Prague and signed a unity agreement intended to ensure the crowning of an undisputed world champion before the end of 2003, and to restore the traditional cycle of qualifying matches until 2005. The championship semi-finalists for 2003 were Ruslan Ponomariov vs. Gary Kasparov, and Vladimir Kramnik vs. Peter Leko. The former match, organized by FIDE, was scheduled to take place in Yalta on 18 September 2003, but was postponed to 29 August, after which Ponomariov refused to sign the contract for the match.
The 2006 World Chess Championship, in which Kramnik beat FIDE World Champion Veselin Topalov, reunited the titles and made Kramnik the undisputed World Chess Champion.[14][15] In September 2007, he lost the title to India's Viswanathan Anand, who won the championship tournament in Mexico City. Anand defended the title in the rematch in 2008.
Game rules
At one time, chess games were recorded using descriptive chess notation, a somewhat clumsy notation that required more space, and more time for writing and explanation than its replacement, algebraic chess notation. Portable Game Notation (PGN) is the most widely used standard computer format for processing chess games, and is based on algebraic chess notation. The official rules of the game are maintained by the International Chess Federation, or FIDE. The game is played on the chess board. It has a square shape and is divided into 8 lines and 8 columns forming 64 squares with equal areas, called fields colored alternately in black and white. At the beginning each player has 16 pieces: 8 pawns, 2 rooks (turns), 2 knights, 2 knights, a king and a queen (queen). One of the players controls the white pieces and the other the black pieces. Players move in turn, following certain rules; the first move (start of the game) goes to the player with white pieces. The goal of the game is to checkmate. It occurs when a king is attacked and cannot avoid capture. In chess, a piece (or major piece) is any piece except the pawn. The major pieces are divided into two groups: heavy pieces (the rook and queen) and light pieces (the knight and the knight). For quantitative analysis of a position, there is a convention that assigns each piece a score. Thus the queen gets 7-12 points, each rook 4-6, each knight 3-4, each knight 3-4 and each pawn 1. Each chess piece has its own way of being moved. The boxes marked with an X in the diagrams below represent the possible moves of the shown piece, only if there are no other pieces (including own pieces) between the initial and final positions; the horse is not restricted by this requirement - moreover, for it the initial and final positions are not along a specific direction. If an opponent's piece is found in the final position of the move, then that piece is captured. The only exception is the pawn which can only capture by moving diagonally in front.
Only once during a game, each king is allowed a special move called a castling. Casting consists of moving the king two squares to the turn, then moving the turn to the opposite side of the king. Casting can be small, when the move is made with the move closer to the king, or large when the move is made with the move further away. This special move is only allowed when certain conditions are met:
None of the pieces involved were moved beforehand;
There must be no other piece between the two;
The king must not be in check or move over squares attacked by the opponent. As in any other move, the king is not allowed to enter the chessboard, after castling, in the square it reaches. En passant (in passing) is the special move in which a pawn is captured by another opposing pawn, immediately after the first moved two squares from its starting position (to the opponent's pawn) and which could have been captured anyway if it had only moved one square. The resulting position after this move is similar to the position of the normal move and capture of the pawn. The move en passant must be made immediately after moving the pawn, otherwise the right to do it again is lost. The promotion is made when a pawn advances to the last line accessible to him (eighth for white, first for black). In that position, the player is obliged to immediately exchange the pawn with a piece of his choice from queen, rook, knight or knight of the same color. In most cases the pawn is promoted to the queen, but since knight moves cannot be made by the queen, the promotion to the knight is useful in certain situations, especially when a check or a fork is obtained.
List of world champions
"Unofficial" but widely accepted and recognized
Legall de Kermeur (1730-1747)
Francois-André Philidor (1747-1795)
Alexandre Deschapelles (1800-1820)
Louis de la Bourdonnais (1821-1840)
Howard Staunton (1843-1851)
Adolf Anderssen (1851-1858)
Paul Morphy (1858-1862)
Adolf Anderssen (1862-1866)
Wilhelm Steinitz (1866-1886)
Officially declared champions
Wilhelm Steinitz (1886-1894)
Emanuel Lasker (1894-1921)
José Raúl Capablanca (1921-1927)
Aleksandr Alekhin (1927-1935)
Max Euwe (1935-1937)
Aleksandr Alekhin (1937-1946)
Mikhail Botvinnik (1948-1957)
Vasili Smîslov (1957-1958)
Mikhail Botvinnik (1958-1960)
Mihail Tal (1960-1961)
Mikhail Botvinnik (1961-1963)
Tigran Petrosian (1963-1969)
Boris Spassky (1969-1972)
Robert Fischer (1972-1975)
Anatoly Karpov (1975-1985)
Garry Kasparov (1985-1993)
FIDE World Champions (1993-2006)
Anatoly Karpov (1993-1999)
Alexander Khalifman (1999-2000)
Vishwanathan Anand (2000-2002)
Ruslan Ponomariov (2002-2004)
Rustam Kasimdzhanov (2004-2005)
Veselin Topalov (2005-2006)
World champions in the classic version
Garry Kasparov (1993-2000)
Vladimir Kramnik (2000-2006)
World champions in the unified version
Vladimir Kramnik (2006-2007)
Viswanathan Anand (2007-2013)
Magnus Carlsen (2013-present)
Chess degrees
Chess players can have different chess ranks. They are divided into national and international degrees.
The national titles are:
undocumented (FC)
not classified (NC)
Category III (III)
Category II (II)
Category I (I)
Master's Candidate (CM)
Master (M)
International grades are
FIDE Master (FM)
International Master (MI)
Grandmaster [International] (MM, MMI)
