Here are some chess openings that I have heard of:
Alekhine’s Defense: a hyper modern openings that is meant to extend whites central pawns by baiting them forward with a knight.
Caro-Kann Defense: targets the center with a defended d5 pawn and generally causes calm positions.
Dutch Defense: Black will try to gain control over the e4 square as a response to d4.
English Opening: uses c4 to target the d5 square then will lay more pressure with Nc3.
Four Knights Opening: both sides focus on developing before attacking and this will result in an equal position.
The French Defense: creates a strong central pawn chain while giving white central space.
The Giuoco Piano: both sides focus on developing and this position can cause symmetry a large amount of the time.
The Grob: a weak opening that prepares to Fianchetto the bishop and grab kingside space.
King’s Gambit: the kingside version of Queen’s Gambit that focuses on sacrificing a pawn for the initiative while weakening the kingside.
King’s Indian Attack: a very aggressive system that does not require a lot of studying to learn.
King’s Indian Defense: developed kingside pieces and hands white the center.
Prices Defense: gives white center temporarily before attacking it.
Queen’s Gambit: a opening that focuses on sacrificing a pawn for development.
Ruy Lopez: aggressive opening that places pressure on c6.
Scotch Opening: creates a wide open position to develop the knights.
Semi-Slav Defense: a complicated and sharp system that will cause a tactical battle.
Sicilian Defense: Black focuses on Queenside play.
That’s all for now. I know I left out some openings such as the Slav Defense, Stonewall Attack, Trompowski, and Two Knights Defense. I might make another post including these and a few offbeat openings. Thanks for reading and have a nice day.