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There are many types of chess variants and I will explain the rules of each chess variant and the rules are different from standard chess.
1. 3-check- The 1st player to check the opponent's king 3 times wins.
2. King of the Hill- The 1st player to get the king to the middle wins.
3. Crazyhouse- The opponent's pieces you capture, your opponent's pieces will become your own pieces and you can place them on any empty square on the board.
4. Bughouse- Bughouse is a variant played by 4 players on 2 boards. When you capture an opponent's piece, it is immediately given to your partner on the other board and they can place the piece on any empty square on the board.
5. Chess960- Chess960 is a variant that is very similar to standard chess but the pieces are shuffled and randomized. Pawns are setup in their normal starting position. There are 960 possible different positions. The kings are placed between the rooks and the bishops are on opposite colored squares. To castle in Chess960, pick up your king and drag your king on top of the rook and that's it. The black pieces should mirror the white pieces setup.
6. 4-player chess- 4-player chess is a variant played by 4 players. Pawns are worth 1, Knights are worth 3, Bishops and Rooks are worth 5, Queens are worth 9, and Kings are worth 20 points. A promoted queen will be only worth 1 point because it used to be a pawn. If a player is checkmated,resigns or forfeits on time then their pieces are grayed out and they lose the game. Checks do matter in points, 5 for a single check, 10 for a double check and 15 for a triple check.
7. Atomic Chess- When you capture a piece, that piece explodes and every surrounding piece except pawns explode as well. You cannot capture a piece that is adjacent to your king. The first player to explode the opponent's king wins. A king can be right next to another King because kings cannot capture anything.
8. Horde Chess- In Horde Chess, Black has the normal setup with 16 pieces but White has nothing but 36 pawns and no king obviously. The goal for white is to checkmate the black king and the goal for black is to capture all 36 white pawns.
9. Antichess- In Antichess if you can take something, you have to take something. If you have more than 1 capture then you can choose which capture is the best. You can promote your pawn to a king. You cannot castle in Antichess. There are no checks or checkmates and the game does not end if the king is captured. The 1st player to lose all their pieces or to get stalemated wins.
10. Racing Kings- Giving checks or moving into check is illegal. There are no pawns on the board. All the pieces are setup on the 1st and 2nd rank. White on the kingside and Black on the queenside. The 1st player to get the king to the 8th rank wins.