You always blitz out moves regardless of the time control you say? You are frustrated that you are missing obvious things and blundering you say? You cannot see the correlation between these 2 things? Slow down, curb your ADHD, play long games and think about what you are doing. Have a bit of self discipline and desire to improve. As you are not a chess prodigy you have to work at it like most other players - that means you can't just start a game, bang out 30 moves like you're Hikaru, and win.
Tired of not being able to learn from my mistakes. Tips?

Have a physical checklist written down in front of you and don’t move until you have run through it for every time.
this will slow you down and force you to think before moving.
I know that you do not wanna play longer games as you mentioned, but I believe it is good for improvement. One part of chess is also focus. If you learn somehow how to focus on games more, I think you can only benefit from longer games. Blitz is just too fast for you and if you do not remember tactical patterns to recognize them in your games you can blunder. In longer games you have more time to calculate. So I can recommend longer games and training puzzles and analyzing your games (analysis is so much important!)
I am rated around 650 in blitz and I don't really play 10 min games or more. I find that I always blitz out games even if they are meant to be long so I just play 5 minute games. No matter what, I always keep finding myself blundering a piece or getting mated because I missed an obvious opportunity. I have been stuck at this range since I began playing, probably a few months ago. The only openings I play are basically the Italian and the Dutch Defense. Moreover, I watch youtube videos on chess daily, such as those by GothamChess and Hikaru. Any tips? It seems like it's impossible to improve for me. If any experienced players want to play a few games and coach me through them, I would be grateful.