Entire books are written about just a small selection of what you want covered. If you want a primer about the Carlsbad in general, Middlegame Strategy by Leininger is a good one, although you have to get used to it's very sparse algebraic notation (no notation for checks, captures, etc). I don't know if there's a proper term of that style, but it seems "cheap" would be the best way to describe it.
All of that aside, it covers just about every plan and counterplan for White and Black that arises from the Carlsbad.
http://www.amazon.com/Middlegame-Strategy-Robert-Leininger/dp/1886846073/
I don't think you'll ever find a book that is written along the lines of "you should always play a4 here, no matter what, but not here because of this". It's too rigid. Priyomes are ideas, not laws.
We've all seen book after book and online resource after online resource about calculation, attacks, and tactics, but are there any resources that feature good explanations of a large collection of well-known positional ideas (or priyomes) from many different openings and positions?
I'm not talking about books on "positional play" in general, I'm talking about learning very specific, but very useful in many different situations, ideas.
Examples:
-meeting white's b5 in the minority attack with ...cxb5 axb5 ...a5 to create a passed pawn - when this is good, when it is not, with examples
-meeting white's b5 with c5 in the minority attack - when it's good, when it's not, examples
-playing ...b5 based on tactics involving white's e4 pawn, as sometimes occurs in the benoni, pirc and accelerated dragon
-striking at black's a6-b5-c5 pawn structure with a2-a4 as in the ruy lopez - when it's good, when it's not(examples where the b4 square can be exploited, for instance), examples, and how it varies from playing a2-a4 when black hasn't committed the c-pawn to c5 yet.
-Exchanging a g7 bishop with Be3-Bh6-Bxg7 - When it's good, when it's not
I feel like there are so many of these ideas that it would be useful to have a source that features tons of them, but I can't really think of any books like this. It seems to certainly be an underappreciate part of chess study, even for advanced players. The best example of something that approaches this would be some of Soltis' books, but not quite. Any thoughts?