Fortunately no table exists that converts material to positional considerations (eg. knight = isolated pawn + bishop pair 
), because it all depends on the position and what you yourself feel is enough compensation.
A protected passed pawn on the 7th rank is a means to an end, it's only compensation if you can promote it (or use it in some other useful way). If your opponent is successful in stopping that then you're simply down a rook
The most important thing is to understand that the goal of the game is to checkmate the king and that there are countless paths to that goal.
I'm becoming interested in learning about positional compensation for material loss in a position.
Can you explain what you know about it? For instance I have read that a protected pawn on the enemy 7th rank is usually compensation for the loss of a rook.
What are some other compensation facts? I wish there was a resource that details it. I haven't been able to find one. Do you know of one?
I remember when I learned the value of the pieces for the first time and because of that knowledge my playing strength increased. Now I feel that if I learn the value of compensation then my playing strength will shoot up again.