In (or near) the doorway entering the playing hall there's a scale built into the floor. As people enter they stop and their weight is recorded. Then after the tournament is over, they're weighed again before they can collect their prize.
During games it's harder to detect. After a game you can check your opponent's seat for sandy debris, but this is no guarantee.
I know you said you're not going to do it, but if you did want to sandbag it's good to have an accomplice. Have them bring the sand in, then during one of the rounds they transfer it to you. Later the accomplice can withdraw from the tournament. Usually when this happens they're not weighed again. This is not without risk however. When people withdraw weighing much less it's very suspicious and a good way to have a geologist get all up in your stuff.
How do people infer others are sandbagging, based on their USCF tournament histories? I'm kind of curious after seeing a bunch of the Millionaire Chess discussions and in general I'm bad at detecting sneaky behavior from other people.
(and before anyone asks, I'm not going to sandbag, lol)