Only a 40 year break...

So... I use to play a ton of chess as a teenager back in the early 1970s including USCF tournaments.  For whatever reason, when I took off for college I stopped - not sure why - and haven't played nary a game since. (And, no, I wasn't one of the crowd who started and stopped due to Bobby Fischer  - I played long before I ever heard of him.)

Anyhow, lately, I've started dabbling with playing again; online using Chess.com and have enjoyed it.  But I have to say, I'm a bit lost with some of the newer terminology - most notably the "algebraic" notation. With the old notation, I use to be able to read through a game and mentally visualize it without a board because the notation was literally descriptive of the moves. Perhaps it's just age, but now with algebraic notation there's no hope, and I definitely need a board in front of me to play through a notated game.

Nevertheless, perhaps someone could be kind enough to explain to me some newer(?) terms - for example, what do the following mean:

Blitz Chess, Bullet Chess, Standard Chess

In Chess.com 'Live' play, we are offered game times like this:

"30 min", "15 min+10 sec", etc...

What is the significance of the "+ 10 sec"?

Thanks for any explanations,

-The jws.

Oh!

And here I was thinking the rules were different, or something like that.

What's the idea of adding 10 sec (or whatever) after each move?  You get more time for more moves?

Thanks D-mate19

The idea is that you can work you way into a winning endgame that might take forty moves to execute and still be able to win before your flag falls. 

In sudden death scenarios, endgames can sometimes become absurd battles to just see who loses on time. With a time increment, the game remains sane.