bobobbob - try chess tactics.
Every tactic is rated and solving each one (or not solving) changes your rating - so you would basicly know your "rating" before playing lots of games.
This is still only one of many factors - opening knowledge, endgame skill, strategy & positional skill, etc.
Reading Silman's Amateurs Mind is a perfect book that illustrates how someone can be a higher rating than another, but still have horrible knowledge in many areas.
The problem with this kind of thing is that ratings have no absolute meaning, they just show where you stand within the body of players that is being rated. A given rating at chess.com represents a different level of skill that a USCF rating, which in turn might represent a slightly different level of skill than a FIDE rating. Basically, the larger the pool of rated players the more meaningful that rating is, as there are more likely to be truely high level players. If I started my own chess league but we only had a couple of hundred players and only one master player that one master would soon have a super-grandmaster rating if we were holding a large number of events, as he would be head and shoulders above everone else in the ratings pool and always win, but he might have a skill hundreds of points weaker compaired to someone who played in international FIDE events with the same rating number.
So in short, attempts to do what the OP is talking about are no more than guess work and chicanery.