timing out rules

If you run out of time you lose. The only exception is if you run out of time but the opponent does not have enough material left to theoretically checkmate you (eg. Just a king, or bishop and king, or knight and king). Then it is a draw by timeout vs insufficient material. In the game you are talking about you were obviously in a much stronger position but because you ran out of time and your opponent still had some pieces left you lost by timeout.
I guess you mean this game: https://www.chess.com/live/game/2961269297?username=ethek
Indeed you were +10 in material but your clock at the end shows 0:00 so your've lost by timing out. Just check your time per move: move 6 - 29.5, move 9 - 1:01.9, move 10 - 59.9, move 13 - 26.3, move 15 - 1:03.5, move 17 - 1.20.8 etc. That's pretty slow for 10 min game! No wonder you've timed out.