Yeah there are counter examples, but that just means the concepts are nuanced. It doesn't mean they have no basis. One way to look at the french advance is that white has played 1 e4 e5 2 d4 d5 3 e5 -- that's the mechanical way of looking at it, and is correct. It's also correct that white has created a space advantage. Neither of these truths are mutually exclusive.
Look at any sort of random mating attack; I'll know that it will always contain certain key things. Either it will be a mate in 1 missed, or else it will be a bunch of pieces coordinating with each other. Sure that concept is not exact, but that doesn't mean it refers to literally nothing. Again the fact that every "coordinated attack" involves a specific sequence of moves does not mean coordination doesn't exist (although I would agree a computer that has calculated the whole game wouldn't have motivation to know of this concept). In fact, many times when pieces are coordinated there is more than one way to finish an attack, because many variations may share a similar theme.
In imperfect chess efficiency is a virtue.
In solved chess it's meaningless.
You might as well qualify meaningless (there's no real advantage to not doing so). If we are only gathering info about the result, then it's meaningless with respect to result. The thing is moves do have virtues -- that's why advantages can add up with other advantages to result in a winning position, even if none of those advantages by themselves would create a winning position. If it followed from the latter that advantages have no value, then it wouldn't matter how many advantages you had, outpost for the knight, better development, space advantage, passed pawn, since they are all worth 0 you couldn't get a winning position from any combination of them.
Not sure I understand your point.
In any case in perfect chess there are no "advantages" and no "adding up." Moves win, lose, or draw.
Passed pawns, open files, space, this is all artificial framework we use to help our limited ability. Proof that it's artificial is found in each counter-example... which are so prevalent I can hardly imagine a whole (high level) game that follows these rules on every move. Watson's book comes to mind.
And I know you're good enough to know of examples where each advantage you listed can be counted as a disadvantage: space, development, passed pawn, an outposted knight.