What wins a game?

Hi all, new here and also somewhat to chess.

I just played my first 10 minute live game and it was counted as a loss, despite having more (and better) pieces. As far as I remember, opponent had their king, 3 pawns and queen -- I had my king, 5 pawns, rook and queen. How does that work?

Checkmate wins the game. Your opponent running out of time will win the game if you have sufficient mating material.

So, in that game you ran out of time and lost.

You ran out of time. In a 10-minute game, each side gets 10 minutes (plus bonus time per move, depending on the settings) which ticks down for them while it's their turn, and if either side runs out completely, they lose regardless of what's going on on the board (unless you physically couldn't checkmate them).