Basically you can keep playing as long as you're taking the game seriously. You either seriously think you might not lose, or you're seriously trying to learn something.
If you're a beginner, and you play until checkmate, then no one will care because it's easy to believe
1) You're unsure when it's hopeless
2) Even if you know it's hopeless you're trying to learn something by watching the finish
As you get better, there are fewer positions where your opponent can believe you're still taking the game seriously.
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BTW I tend to resign pretty late in OTB games. It has to be super-super-super hopeless ... don't ever resign because you think it's polite. Resign when you can't take the game seriously anymore.
The only rude way to not resign, is to let the clock run just to piss off the winning opponent.