Rating changes depend on several factors. First is the difference in ratings. Second is the statistical estimates of how accurate the two ratings are. When someone is new in some rating category or hasn't played in a long time, their rating is usually uncertain. The resulting fluctuations can be large.
It is called the Glicko System. You can read all about it.
https://support.chess.com/en/articles/8566476-how-do-ratings-work-on-chess-com
+1 to win -23 to lose