How should Black proceed in this position?
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I would contemplate ...a7-a5 immediately to secure the c5 square for the knight. Then ...Nf6-d7-c5 and ...f7-f5. Black's pawns d6 and e5 are pointing toward the kingside, indicating black should attack there. If white 0-0's, then a nice attacking idea could be ...Qg5 and ...Bh3. In general, black is up an exchange so he should seek exchanges and prevent white from getting any counterchances.
Was this a Bogo-Indian?
ghost: Thank you so much for your suggestions! I still often feel like a dog that catches a bus in these positions... :D
As black u have backward d6 pawn. Close the centre with ....c5 or cxd5. If white chooses:
exd5: place heavy pieces on c file and look to possibly exploit the b and a pawns.
cxd5: probably f5 to bring about kingside attack since this is where ur pawn majority now lies. Also will put pressure on e4 pawn follow up with bg4 distract bishop or knight to eleminate and isolate that pawn on d5.
It seems in this position black needs to play f5 to undermine white's pawn center. This will help open up the f file for your rook and your plan can be to bring your pieces to the kingside an attack whites king since he is clearly going to castle kingside.