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I am impressed by the quality of the course by Prof. Chris Impey of Arizona University. I'd say it's both accessible to anyone interested but also interesting to those with quite good knowledge already. It is a couple of weeks in, but may still be joinable, and may repeat in the future. Astronomy: exploring Space and Time

The proton in the LHC is stable. How is that ? Consider the proton, 3 quarks at the corners of an equilateral triangle with the base leg, 2 plus quarks (A & B) at right angles to the motion and the negative quark (C) leading in the direction of motion. These 3 particles are moving at nearly the speed of light. How can a gluon moving from A to B ever find the B quark ? It will take forever for that gluon to catch up to the B quark. What direction should it start in and what happens as the quark turns in the LHC or either the A or B quark sending a gluon or charon to the negative quark. If the proton is at 99% the speed of light it will take about 100 times longer for the gluon and negative quark to interact. There is no way this system is stable as we think of it now. Again, the proton in the LHC is stable at these velocities. The space particle is built from 3 L preons, both the boson and fermion have at least one H preon. This is a timing difference of R. The timing between spocks is normally random, so what was happening before the proton got into the LHC ? The distance between quarks is R*L. The quarks are only at that distance. The only way the two different systems are at the same stableness is for the gluon in both cases, not moving relative to the space particle or moving at the speed of light apart, is to get there in the same amount of time, or in one L tick. Since the spock has only L preons. The gluon will do this if we think of its speed as R*C, not C. Thus, the timing is the same with any motion. Let’s start with a boson, a gluon in a space particle, a spock. The gluon will move at C or one space particle every time change T or one L per tick. This gluon will only move thru ONE space particle and will then interact with itself as the gluon has the property of color. All bosons, except the real photon, (000) have the property of charge, all have a (2) and therefore interact with themselves mostly in the following way. For massless gluons, the force can not interact with itself, the gluon. The force interaction must be a pair of opposite forces, one being the gluon and the other from a pair obtained from Zu, these two are opposite, thus the two interacting forces balance and cancel each other and nothing happens. The remaining force is a new force carried by a new gluon in the same direction as the original force but moving in the opposite direction. The color of the new gluon is also the same, the color of the new gluon is given to it by assuming the color from the particle creating it. The only difference is that the new gluon is moving at C in the reverse direction. The new gluon will jump to the next spock it just left and then to a new spock in the same direction. The gluon has now moved thru two space particles. Next, everything repeats itself and the gluon returns to its original direction having now moved thru 3 spocks all in the time T. The reason it is all in ONE T(L) tick is that each space particle is now in sync in timing and all ticks occurred in less than ONE T(L)time and all different by exactly H timing. This is the energy chain. It will grow to R space particles in 10**45/10**20 sec. That is because each space particle timing is offset by one H tick or a total distance of R*L, the exact length of all legs in a proton or neutron or in fact any leg of any isotope. The result of this action is that all gluons in any leg of all isotopes move from one quark to any next quark in the structure in ONE L tick, or what we consider a velocity of R*C. However, in nature this is still moving a distance of L in T timing or a velocity of C. The chain is producing a synchronization of H over this interval. The momentum is still only what is considered to be a velocity C. No momentum ever increased or decreased. Now the second most amazing story in the universe, the most being how an electron stays in orbit and uses this same principle in the umbrella effect. Remember a quark in a spock and in an energy chain does/can have 10 different gluons from other quarks all interacting in ONE L time cycle. The quark is moving at about the speed of light. That means the quark and all its mass as particles must move from one spock to the next in the direction of motion in one L tick. That is at right angles to the gluon going from A to B. As the gluon goes from the spock it is in to the next spock at an H time interval, the initial spock knows the quark must move to the next spock in the direction of the LHC tunnel. This process is carried out by a spon moving one spock in the direction of motion as the spock changes time. So the energy is carried one spock in the direction of motion of the quark. The current spock and previous spocks from this action are still is the chain. But these links are soon broken as the current spons are moving the chain, not the spocks down the tunnel or towards the C quark. So, the proton may be considered to be; the 3 quarks, the 3 gluons moving at R*C, the 3 energy chains for the 3 legs and a lot of charons, megons and gravitons we have not even considered. These chains stay with the proton no matter what speed it is moving thru space. We have said the gluon interacts with itself every L time cycle. What is happening ? The gluon may be thought of as changing times each L tick. The time changes starts in one preon, moves at right angles to the next preon and then to the third to end up at its start for a minimum energy system. If the particle has a property of charge or color the end point of the preon is not the common point, but one in the middle giving the property of charge or color. This preon then starts the time change in the middle and thus the time change moves in two directions. One being the same as if the end point. The other change must move initially at right angles and that is right into Zu. This is what creates any particle not in our universe. This is how any new gluon is created. Thus the gluon has interacted with itself. There are 10 tables of particles, (LLL thru EEE). The particles in any table have common properties. However, the (000) configuration cause differences between itself and all the particles in each table. These particles all have the one point in common, the end of each preon and are the spock, neutrino, real photon and unit mass for the first 4 tables. These differences can cause us to not understand the other properties in the rest of the table. The real photon does not interact with itself, all others do, thus it can not form an energy chain. The real photon also ages much faster than any other particle, maybe R times faster. The red shift we see for all photon from the outer edges of the universe is from aging at a constant rate. Aging is the loss of energy due to time changing in each preon ticking. We thing of the red shift as if the galaxy at the edge of the universe is moving very fast away from us. All these galaxies are not moving at all, only the photon is losing energy, and fast because the photon is always at the wrong frequency. The spock is the only particle that can build an energy chain, all the rest have charge and huge mass. The neutrino has mass, the three different states are 1,2 and 3 units of mass. But the neutrino can form an energy chain because of these mass numbers. The difference is the chain does not go right, left and right again, but is always in the same direction. The mass cause this. This allows the last neutrinos from a long plush to catch up to the first neutrinos but never pass the first. We saw this in the opera1 experiment and from 2 detectors where the neutrinos from a super nova ALL arrived in the first 13 seconds and none later. That pulse could have been 2day, 2 years or 20 years. And again cause differences in our understanding of the interaction in the super nova

Today's APOD shows the visible light from a large meteorite hitting the Moon during a lunar eclipse, clearly visible in a telescope image. Apparently, last September, the largest such example was observed, a 400 kg rock moving at about 18 km/s which made an explosion that stayed visible as a glow for 8 seconds and made a crater about 40 meter across.

Here's a handy one! Just enter your post code or latitude and longitude. https://clearoutside.com/forecast/ (Great viewing tomorrow night in these parts)

https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/12/japan-rare-earths-huge-deposit-of-metals-found-in-pacific.html Hope it's economically feasible and works with the climate change problem!

We start with DEFINITIONS. Nothing; nothing is exactly that, nothing. No time, no space, no rate of change, no quantum flux, no probability, no anything. Nothing may be a point or infinite, but not a space because we would have jumped right over 1 and 2 dimensional nothings. Nothing can’t create anything. If it exists, it can’t then not exist. Nothing can not change with respect to anything. Time; (small t), a one dimensional parameter used in math and physics that extends to infinity and beyond in both directions. Time is continuous. Its value is determined by the differences between two time events. It has no rates of change with respect to any other variable. No rate of change of the rates and its rate is 1 with respect to itself at all times. It is not a particle and has no energy. Time can’t have started or stopped or it would not be continuous at that point or the next. All other variables have 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. rates of change with respect to time. Point; points are considered to be continuous. Points may be different from each other or may be the same. Points in 0,1,2,3 or 4 dimensional space are all different. There are no points next to the one in a 0 dimensional space. And only two next to any in a 1 dimensional space. In a cube we may add any number of line segments or planes, each full of points (1D, 2D), and the cube is still empty. But we can’t add one more 3 dimensional point. We may pour an infinite number of points into a cube and they all end up at the same point (all 3D). For points to fill the cube they NEED a line segment. That segment is the distance between one point and any reference point. Without the three dimensional line segment with each point, we can’t fill the space. So points in any space, except zero, do not exist without a line segment. BOTH are needed. Space; space is undefined. It may be finite, infinite, here before timed started, start from nothing, curved, able to double, move matter or not, full of universes, create matter with negative energy, limit speeds, even multiple spaces, etc. etc. Space is completely undefined. These are not my definitions for nothing, time, points or space. They are what I assume other people will understand if I use these words. You may change them any way you like. I assume the first three "things" do not exist, and space has NO listed properties from above. Now my definitions. We will use a general rule to help us stay on track as we start. Nature is simple. If we must make a choice between options, we will chose the simplest and continue. Since I assume ; nothing, time and points do not exist and space is a question, as defined above, what does exist ? If these have a property in common, that property must be wrong. One property is that they are all continuous. If length and time are not continuous, then all the math in the physics one now knows is wrong, some good approximations, but wrong. If nothing does not exist, what can the next "bigger" thing to nothing be ? Assume nothing can accumulate something; Time, which is not changing or unused Time. A nothing which can accumulate unused Time, the time isn’t changing and the amount of that accumulation is zero, is pretty close to nothing. TIME(T) is only passing in terms of small t (time). We will call this nothing a Zero dimensional degree of freedom universe or Zu. A place where unused Time accumulations and keeps getting bigger and bigger. In terms of places we already know, think of it as the place where borrow energy comes from and returns to and is always here. TIME (T) is discrete. Here are two examples to help understand discrete Time. One: consider a movie. Here each frame has stopped time. Nothing is in motion, yet the movie seems real. If we use a high speed camera, we can study things we would never see without one. Now think of a superhigh speed camera. Here each frame has captured a photon. The photon is moving the length of the frame, Planck’s length, 1.6x10**-35 m between each frame. The time between frames is Planck’s time, 5.4x10**-44 s. This is nature, this is how Time ticks and photons move when the photon stands still in each frame. If we could take frames 10 times faster, the photon will not move for 9 of them and then "jump" to the next frame. This is why C exist and is the value, C. C is not a maximum velocity, it is for real photons. Two: assume time is continuous. Construct a small unit of time, a tenth of a nanosecond, (10**-10 sec.). Now fill the universe with zeros and place all behind the zero in the exponent. This is a "FLICK". What must happen in a flick. Every particle must move "properly". To do that each particle must be paired with all others in the universe and each must "fit" all the laws of nature. That is a very little amount of time to do that and it must be done very many times per second. One may say nature does that. Take all the zeros in the exponent and copy them in place of the zero in the base, this is a "small flick". Now nature must figure out how each pair moves again, and if there are multiverses, how all those pairs move too. All that in LESS TIME AND MORE TIMES PER SECOND. One may still say nature can do that. Next step, double all the zeros. Inflation doubles space 100 times, we are only doubling zeros, much easier. Double 100 times, that is a "VERY SMALL FLICK”. The problem is much worse, and we haven't even started doubling zeros. If one assumes nature does not use time to figure out how a particle moves then one would know the outcome of the Big Bang before it even started. The end result of this logic is that particles do not see into the future, they ONLY KNOW NOW. Bye, bye Quantum Mechanics. The second mode of time is used time, a Tidom. A tidom is a preon which builds elementary particles. All elementary particles are built from three tidoms and only tidoms, even mass and space, all exist within Zu. Mass is a form of energy, energy is a form of time. A tidom is time, changing over a distance, momentum. Momentum is more fundamental than time or distance, one does not exist without the other. Think of time at point P=A and T=1, it then jumps, changes to P=B at T=2 and back again to P=A at T=3; this is a tidom. It is a time cycle. The length (L) is the distance between A and B. The time passed is the difference between T=1 and 2 or 2 and 3. The time did not move between A and B, and there are no values of time between T=1 and 2 or 2 and 3. The length L is discrete, it is not subdivided. There are no values of x within L. The length is in 1 dimension and time is a property of that length. Nature is simple, tidoms are simple. A second look at a Tidom: If a POINT does not exist, what is the next "bigger" thing that does exist. This will build the universe and everything in it. It is a preon, that which builds all elementary particles. Start with a point, in math, (x,y,z,t) as used in Special Relativity. However, we see that If two references are moving the value of time (t) is determined from the dimension in motion, which implies that if x, the property, t for y, z and x are not independent of each other. So the point we will start with is (x,y,z) with times (tx,ty and tz), or three independent times. This isn’t hard, as later one may assume the three are just one time. Now we need something "bigger". If the value of x in a point is a single value, then to be bigger we need x to be a line segment, (Lx) with its own time (tx). This is a Tidom, a time degree of freedom. The tidom is the line segment with its own time. Both the line segment and time are discrete. (L,T)x. For now, Planck's length and time. We CAN NOT have one without the other. We saw that points need a line segment. Time and Length are two different properties of the same thing, of a Tidom, both are ALWAYS together. We need to start again at 3 different places. When Time first started, because we need to know what was here before any Big Bang (BB). When Time started at this BB, because it will help to understand first particles. And what are the properties of a Tidom, because they build particles which then build systems of particles which we see. These 3 are related and thus necessary to each other, we will cover a little of each first. Hopefully ending with a follow up explanation later. Start with small t, time in both directions. At some time in the past there was no Time in Zu. There was a Zu. Now unused Time starts to accumulate. No Time is passing so this period of Time is zero, but not necessarily from t's point of view. And the amount of unused Time accumulated may be very different from the amount of time (t) that passes. On the far side of this start time; using t only Time could have existed. This cycle of unused Time starting and ending with zero unused time could have repeated may times. But none of the cycles are infinite, because if one can’t get from here back an infinite time, then time from there CAN’T get here. There is a reason for Time starting, so that Time can stop. Remember if time is the only thing in this universe and you think, than time thinks. That's as much as I may say at this time about Time starting. We now have unused Time accumulating in Zu. The unused Time is one of two modes of Time, the other is used Time or vibrating Time, or Time that changes values. As unused Time accumulates, it reaches an amount which will change states to the other mode, used Time, or vibrating Time. This creates a particle in Zu. When all the accumulated Time changes modes, the unused accumulated amount is zero and the vibrating Time is now a particle in Zu. The first Big Bang was very small compared to ours. At some time later all the vibrating Time will stop vibrating and all that stopped Time is now unused Time in Zu again. It is still later, more unused Time is in Zu than at the time of the first Bang, because there is another period of unused Time accumulating, some of the used Time was "lost" to make Time tick, but the total is more and we have a second bigger BB. The physics between the two Bangs is different. The reason is that we started with nothing, added the start of Time and the reason for doing that. If you have nothing, add Time, the only reason possibility is to stop time. To do that all vibrating Time must return as unused Time and in Zu. However that does not stop Time, it only keeps it from changing. To have no Time you need to use up both modes of Time completely. Since the first BB did not do this, the laws of physics change. The evolution of the laws is like any evolution. The laws optimize over some parameter, in this case, each or both R and C. The optimization is to have ALL amounts of Time used up at the same moment. Thus we would see a universe that keep going longer and longer as we have BB after BB, each lasting longer. And the reason for that is that as Time vibrates it uses itself up. That Time is not conserved, it's gone. Real Photons are a clear and easy example of this. The Time in our universe is all from previous unused time that accumulated. All the time our universe existed , the current time was accumulating in Zu. Thus the particles must use more time than is accumulating for it all to be used up at one moment. Now let’s jump to Tidoms and start physics.

Anyone get anything scientific or useful for astronomy as a Christmas gift.

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Amazingly, it appears to have only just happened that anyone has realised that dark energy and dark matter can be explained by a single substance with negative mass. Farnes from Oxford University has published a paper including the following simple diagram which explains how a negative mass (but I presume positive energy, because gets rid of the negative sign) substance can both (1) cluster around galaxies and explain their rotation and (2) accelerate the expansion of the Universe. Ponder on it a bit and you may see why.

https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/timeline/landing/entry-descent-landing/

https://www.space.com/42423-barnards-star-super-earth-exoplanet-discovery.html

Put your images and info about telescopes here !!! Big or small!!!

Quite proud of my title. This is the first time neutrino detections have been directly isolated to a small patch of sky and associated with a definite source. (The detection from SN1987a was only associated with the supernova by the timing. And this latest detection turns out to be a quite different type of source!) https://cerncourier.com/icecube-neutrino-points-to-origin-of-cosmic-rays/

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/07/27/there-was-no-big-bang-singularity/#6990e40b7d81

Ia an interesting planet. Right now it is closest to earth than it has been for a while. However there is a "sand storm" on Mars that started in one area and now covers almost all of the planet. This sometimes happens on Mars. One of the landrovers is shut down almost completely because of the sand storm.

Interesting behaviour 3 billion light years away (and ago). https://www.space.com/41775-breakthrough-listen-fast-radio-bursts.html

I have a question. I saw a very impressive meteorite last night. Big, fat, bright, distinctively green, and almost perfectly perpendicular to the horizon. It was so big and bright that I fully expected a flash and bang from an impact, but no such luck. My question is; why was it green? is it the chemical make-up of the meteorite itself? is it the atmosphere, humidity, smoke, aurora? is it the geometry of its fall in relation to the viewer? Once I started to think about it, the vast majority of 'shooting-stars' I've seen have been white. But I have definitely seen yellow and orange occasionally , and now green. Just curious.

http://www.businessinsider.com/planet-9-in-our-solar-system-new-evidence-2018-5

New study indicates there is a good reason for the large tilt for this planet. Apparently some billions of years ago a large planet or planetlike something hit Uranus [not head on] and caused the tilt and also some moons were formed later from the "hit". The object was approximately the size of 2 earths. So far, this is not 100% fact but it does answer several questions about this planet. [or was it Pluto?]