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Surprised we don't have a forum on this general topic yet. Creating it to draw attention to this IAI debate: http://iai.tv/video/bang-goes-another-theory-of-the-universe (Michael Rowan-Robinson impressed me most).

A beautiful piece of work has essentially solved the mystery of where these cosmic rays come from. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2016/ace-cosmic-ray

I hope to learn & share some thoughts on these two puzzling, well-named concepts.

We start at the moment of our Big Bang. Time = 0. Just a moment before, the only thing here is Zu. Zu is full of non-vibrating Time, (unused time), just the amount to produce the first particle (Eu) and start time. Now at the center of Zu is Eu, the first particle in three dimensions. Zu is a zero dimensional universe and Eu is our entire universe. Anything built from 3 preons is a particle, it is like space and has a volume. The smallest volume particle is Sm, supermass, about 10**-252 m**3. Eu is about 10**40 times bigger and has that many Sm particles in it. We have just looked at Eu as if being in Zu. Just the opposite is true if we are in Eu and looking at Zu. Zu is a speck in our space and is everywhere. Zu and Eu are two different universe frames and the translation from one to the other is: D/h = 1/n, everywhere, all the time. This is an approximation; it assumes the universes are continuous. One of the reasons this is hard to understand is that for there to be a distance, one must also have time pass. We are looking as if time is stopped. Now T = 10**-84 secs. later, there are 3 particles in Zu, Eu less a little energy and the two supermass particles. These two are sitting on either side of Eu and "came out" of Eu at the very end of the E tidom. One on each side. In Zu the 3 are sitting as close as can be. Each tick of time, two more Sms will appear, very close to Eu and the first 2 Sms, but just a little further away from Eu and rotated, as Eu has less energy each tick. If we look at these events from Our universe's point of view, things are much different. The translation is of the form R = 1/r. So the closer things are in Zu the further apart they are in our universe. At this time our universe has only Eu sitting right in the middle and the 2nd and 3rd particles on either side. But the distance that we would see is 50 billion light years between the 3 particles, all in a straight line. There is NOTHING else. No space anywhere. No movement of the 3 particles relative to each other. No gravity, no temperature, no space. The three were "placed" in Zu. They are placed in our universe. The 4th and 5th particles are each very close to either the 2nd or 3rd. These particles will occur 10**40 times for the next 10**40 ticks of time. That ends at T = 10**-44 secs. To understand "placed", the mass of Eu came from Zu as unused energy. There is no momentum, no movement of mass. The same is true for all the Sm particles. As Eu decays, one of the tidoms changes length and rotates very little. It increases as the energy decreases. Thus the placement of the two Sm particles in Zu increases which is a decrease in what will be our universe. There is no movement of mass in our universe. Inflation was a translation between Zu and our universe. The reasons the galaxies are not moving much now are: One: All the mass in the universe was at rest with the center of mass. Two; They were placed there and there are no gravitons yet. Three: The center of any galaxy is at rest with the center of mass of that galaxy. Four: The resulting vector force on any center of mass of the galaxy is nearly zero as there is about equal masses in all directions. Five: The amount of mass of any galaxy is so large that galaxies do not move much. The Bullet Cluster is rare. The universe is not expanding. Five; The redshift we see which seems to increase with distance from us does occur. It is not from the center of galaxies moving away. It is from real photons aging. The functions of distance and age are linear. Those photons are redshifted because the photon uses energy to tick, to move from space block to space block. Because real photons are all the wrong frequency to move thru space compared to all other virtual particles, they use (lose) a lot more energy in comparison and that is what we see as redshift. If one draw a line between all even particles and also all odd numbered particles, these lines will lie on the surface of half a football, then on the surface of a second half football on the inside of the first and so on and on. One line is in one half and the other in the other half. In fact, this line is the high density matter in our universe and can be seen now. Here are things that are different from most theories of the Big Bang. 1. Inflations is over, no laws of physics were broken. No space doubled, nothing moved faster than light. The time is T= 10**-44 sec. The "matter", supermass is evenly distributed over the entire volume of universe, about 100 BLY between edges. The biggest piece is about 10**40 times smaller than Eu. 2. The matter, antimatter are in the 2 different halves of the universe. there was NEVER any interaction between the two. The two halves are exactly equal in size. 3. The universe sits in Zu. Outside the universe is a void, ie Zu. The middle is the same void. 4. The highest mass density will be along the line drawn between Sm particles and should be visible now. 5. There is NO motion of particles relative to each other. They were ALL placed in Zu with no motion. 6. There are no forces as we know them yet, no gravity, no photons, no gluons. There still is no space, no temperature and there will not be any force of gravity between Sms for another 100,000 years Each Sm particle will break down into the unit mass and that will then break down into the space particles. Particles can NOT move from one place to another until there is space enough for them to move thru. To get space from one Sm particle to the next will take about 100,000 years. 7. The temperature is much lower than thought in most theories. The Sm particle was only 10**-40 of the mass at the start of the BB. 8. Space keeps growing, larger and larger, first from the decay of the unit mass to the space particle until later when space is produced in a star. Today space has filled the volume of the universe and is how greater and slowly moving into the voids on the outside of our universe and into the middle. How, why and which particles will create a new particle as their time cycle start ? A tiedom may be considered to be in one of two states, either the point in common is an end point, (zero configuration) or the common point is somewhere else, (nonzero configuration). ALL these nonzero configurations are the property of charge or color. The difference occurs at the start of the time cycle. For the end point condition the time pulse moves down the original tiedom from the end point. Since time and distance are the same thing, just two different properties, the tiedom’s length is regenerated, new length, new time. For the nonzero configuration, the time pulse moves down the length generating a new time cycle, but it also starts in the opposite direction, thus two pulses. That length is already being generated by the first pulse, so the second pulse moves off at right angles right into Zu. This is how ALL tiedoms are generated. The time and length are one thing and we now have the start of a new tiedom in Zu. That only stops when we have three tiedoms and a new particle. This new tiedom is the first in the new particle and is the controlling factor. The first tiedom is the lead tiedom in all time changes. It will determine the properties of the particle and the direction the particle will move in space. For fermions this is the H tiedom with 4 different states and 4 different particles. The other two tiedoms states are determined by this H tiedom. The most difficult problem in all of elementary physics is how the electron stays in orbit around a proton. Why, because we have a particle, then a system of particles, the proton, then the next bigger system, a system of a particle and a system of particles, the proton. We are using the fact that neither time nor distance are continuous. So, let’s start with how a photon is created when an electron is captured into orbit, either from outside the system or an electron already in orbit that is changing to a low energy orbit. There is only one photon created and it contains the total energy between the initial energy and the finial energy in the new orbit. This happens all at “once”. That means that it is the finial orbit that decides the exact energy and not until the electron is completely in that orbit. Let’s use the case where the electron is outside the proton system, the energy chain for bosons is of length R*L. Thus, for a proton the 3 charge quarks are producing charged bosons in 6 direction on a plane. Each charged bosons then interacts with itself producing 3 more charged bosons in the form of the edges of a cube. These then interact with them selves and soon the entire space around the proton is full of energy chains in the form of a cube. This is the umbrella or blanket effect. It is 3D, not 2D. So as the electron approaches it will interact with a chain sooner or later. The electron’s normal speed is to stay in a spock some 100 ticks. The momentum of the electron may divided into 2 parts. That part that is needed to be in orbit and the part in excess. The excess part is given up by creating additional charged bosons systems. These continue to interact with themselves and nothing new happens. The process continuous until the electrons momentum ONLY agrees with that needed to be in orbit. At that time the entire excess energy is converted into a photon with exactly the excess energy and the electron is in orbit. This happens as the electron moves to the next spock and the existing spock creates the photon from the energy that was in excess and is now in the original spock. A tiedom is energy. The excess energy is in the 3 L tiedoms of the spock. When time changes for these tiedoms the excess energy is in the initial new L tiedom of the photon and that creates the other 2 H tiedoms and we have a photon moving in the direction of the L tiedom. Only spocks can create a photon. The mirror is a 2nd example. The photon interacts with a particle in the mirror. Again the energy is divided into 2 parts, that parallel to the surface and that into the mirror. This second energy moves a particle in the mirror and that particle increases its potential energy. The particle then returns to its original state and the spock now has the parallel part and an equal but opposite part to create a new photon that we see.

Telescopes come in many designs and a wide range of cost and quality. Which one to buy??

I would like to call upon the collective knowledge of this group to help identify unusual things in the sky. NO not UFO's. Natural phenomena, man made objects, etc. I live in a big city, and I don't get to see much in the sky. So when I do see something it really has a big impact on me. I plan on spending my time off this summer visiting several 'dark sky' preserves in the near and far north, l'd appreciate tips on times to go, and things to look for. So, if you see something you can't name. NO not UFO's. Anything rare, unusual, or just beautiful. Post it here. We can all help each other learn.

A Theory of Everything, summary. 1. Nature is simple. 2. Nothing is nothing, only nothing. 3. Points do not exist. 4. Time and distance are discrete, not continuous. 5. Time and distance always occur together, physics can not have one without the other. 6. All the math in the elementary physics that we know uses continuous time and distance and therefor is wrong. 7. Zu (zero degree of freedom universe) is a nothing that allows unused time to accumulate and the amount accumulated is zero. 8. Zu has a distance, not distances. 9. Unused Time accumulating in Zu keeps getting “bigger”, but no time is passing. 10. Zu is where borrow energy comes from and returns to. 11. Discrete time has 3 modes, (1) unused Time, (2) used Time, (3) and Time used to start each time tick or cycle. 12. Used Time is a Tidom, (Time degree of freedom), a preon. 13. Preons build ALL elementary particles, and only preons. 14. The universe only has elementary particles built from preons. 15. Tidoms are discrete Time and Distance. 16. Tidoms are momentum, momentum is more fundamental than time or distance, one does don exist without the other. 17. A Tidom has a time cycle. 18. There are 3 different Tidoms, L(low), H(high), E(extreme) frequencies. 19. The L Tidom is Planck’s time and Planck’s length. 20. The L,H & E Tidom all differ by a factor of R (10**20) in time duration and length. Thus all 3 have a ratio of C for length divided by time. 21. There is always and only 3 Tidoms per particle with one “point” in common. 22. There are always 3 Tidom per particle because starting time in each requires at least 3 and more would require more time to start. 23. A Tidom may be right or left handed, matter or antimatter. 24. There are 10 tables of particles from the various combinations of the (L,H,E) Tidoms. Thus (LLL) thru (EEE). 25. (LLL) are Spocks, (space Blocks or space particles). 26. (LLH) Fermions. 27. (LHH) Bosons. 28. (HHH) Unit mass, Mu. 29. The property of charge comes from the point in common of either the L or H Tidom being the midpoint. 30. The property of color comes from the point in common of the H tidom being shifted 45 degrees down the length of the preon. Colors are always and only in the order 1,2,3. 31. The properties of each preon is defined by (0,1,2,3), where the point in common is (0) if an end point, (2) if in the middle with the property of charge, (1) if color and (3) with both color and charge. 32. The Fermions are then (000) thru (223), with 12 different states. We know of 4 Fermions, (000) neutrino, (021) plus quark, (222) electron, (003) negative quark. Each of these 4 states has a different H value. 33. The other 8 states do not exist in nature because of the “large” amount of time needed to start the preons if the H tidom is not the 0 state. 34. Each tidom controls, determines independently the number of mass particles in each particle. 35. There are always 3 different mass states for any particle from the 3 preons. A massless state may be one state. 36. The Bosons are (000) thru (233), with 20 different states. The particles are; (000) photon, (001) gluon, (022) magon, (200) spon, (222) charon. 37. All Bosons interact with themselves except the photon. 38. The spon is the “force” which moves the space particles, (spocks). 39. Normally the spock has no mass of its own. 40. Spocks flow from high density volume to low density via the spon. 41. The other three tables of particles are, (HHE) Eu, the first particle in the universe. (HEE) Fu, the unit force or graviton, (EEE) Sm, supermass, the first particle to decay from Eu. Each was R**3 times the mass of the neutrino, about the size of a galaxy. 42. Energy Chains have a single length, R*L. 43. Two quarks are held together by a single energy chain. 44. Quarks build systems of elementary particles. 45. Three quarks form a plain. Quarks always lie on this plain and only this plain. 46. The three quarks form an equilateral triangle, only this triangle. Each quark is held together by 2 legs at a 69% angle. 47. Consider the base leg of the triangle to be the leg the same two charged quarks. This leg then requires a stronger color force. 48. A 4th quark can not be added over or under this triangle. This would cause the 4th quark to be unstable as there are only 3 colors and each color must be different. 49. The 4th quark must be added on the original plain and at a distance of R*L from the 2 quarks from the same leg, thus forming a 2nd equilateral triangle. 50. Any number of quarks may form a particle system, however all are not stable. 51. The 4th quark added is normally from a proton or neutron. Thus, we are adding 3 quarks. All fall on the original plain. 52. The first system is PN4. Proton, Neutron and 4 triangles. 53. Quarks all lie on a plain. Each new plain is parallel or a right angles to all the other plains. 54. The alpha particle is two PN4s. Each on a parallel plain separated by the height of the plain, NP;PN4. The positive quarks are in the center. 55. ALL isotopes are built from these two structures; NP4 & NPN14. 56. The positive quarks are never closes to the outside of the structure. Positive quarks with only two legs are unstable. Proton is the only exception because there are only 2 plus quarks on the parallel line. 57. The parallel lines may contain 5 negative quarks, but only 4 positive quarks because of the difference in charge. 58. Any isotope may contain many different structures of the PN4 & NPN14. Each different structure will have a different total energy and a different electron orbit. 59. From the outside the parallel lines lie at the vertex of a perfect square. 60. Only the negative quarks are at the outer most positions. 61. The structure, if seen from two sides will form a rectangle who’s parts are all perfect squares. 61. The corners of the squares are alternating plus and minus lines. 62. the maximum number of legs a quark in the nucleus interacts with is 10. Two quarks of the same charge on the parallel line and 8 of opposite charge on the legs at 60% to that line. 63. The color of all quarks is determined by assigning 2 colors to any leg. There are always an equal number of each color. 64. All quarks change color each L tick. There is only one order of color change, (1,2,3). 65. For gravity the energy chains form a line of sight chain, (LSC). This chain may be a billion light years long built from single energy chains. 66. The LSC is always strongest if there is NO velocity at right angles to the chain. 67. For the interaction of gravity between two clusters of galaxies the force is about 10 times stronger then “normal” gravity. 68. For the interaction between two centers of galaxies the force is about 10 times stronger than normal gravity. 69. For the interaction between any star and the center of a galaxy the force is about 2 times stronger than normal. 70. For a barred galaxy the force varies along the bar. The ouiter edge is 3 times stronger than at 1/3 the distance out the bar. 71. The bar has a cross section. The stars move out the leading edge and the gas moves in the trailing edge. Just ahead of the leading edge , gravity is normal. 72. The arm from the bar forma second LSC which pulls the stars ouit of the bar and into the arm. 73. Normally the LSC only interacts between the centers of a pair of galaxies. This is why all those pair are “warped’ galaxies. 74. The Bullet Cluster is a pair of clusters interacting at a high cross velocity. This produces normal Gravity. 75. ABEL520 is a pair of clusters interacting at a very slow cross velocity. This produces a gravity which will pull the centers of two galaxies out of each galaxy. The centers are found on the plain of closes approach. The force can reach 100 times normal just before and after the centers closes approach to each other. 76. The neutrino will form an energy chain also. Massless particles form chains that reverse direction each time a particle passes thru that chain. The neutrino with mass only has a chain in ONE direction. Thus, in a pulse of neutrino over some time will the later neutrino see the effect of the chain. The pulse changes so that the later neutrinos have “moved” closer to the beginning of the pulse. 77. The Opera1 experiment showed the effect on the neutrinos. Only the later neutrino produced in the pulse were effected and moved to an earlier spot in the end result pulse. 78. A Super Nova produces an arrival pulse where ALL the neutrino arrive in the first 13 seconds and NONE over the 20 yearsof the initial pulse are ever detected. 79. We have left off the “blanket’ effect which explains an electron in orbit. The blanket is created by the charons and megons in a blanked around the nucleus holding the electron in orbit. There are nearly 10000 in the blanket around the proton.

Tidoms. A preon builds particles, a tidom is a preon. A tidom is a one dimension fixed LENGTH and discrete TIME, not two different things, one thing, a tidom. Neither exist without the other and both only in this form. The length can’t be subdivided. There is no half length unit, there is no half time unit. If you are at some "point" on the length, you are at all the points on the length. The length and time are Planck's length and Planck's time. This tidom is the L unit. Everything in this universe is built from these tidoms. Thus tidoms in different forms are time, energy, mass, momentum, particles and even think, as you do. Everything means the only thing. Remember tidoms built elementary particles, then elementary particles build systems of particles and we are at a proton and neutron and bigger, a factor of R (10**20) in length. The physics changes greatly between elementary particles and systems of particles. Tidoms have these properties. Tidoms only exist in a state of three. That is why we are in a 3 dimensional universe. They have one "point" in common, the reason for both is that Time must start, or change values. To do this, 3 tidoms are needed. Time is used up to start time each tick of a tidom. This is a very small amount, about 1/R**3 (10**-60) of the amount of time changed. The time used in the change of time starts "down" the tidom towards the other end, then moves at right angles having started the time change. At right angles can be any perpendicular direction. There must now be a tidom there, and again starts time in that tidom moving one unit down its length and then at right angles. And third, there must again be a tidom there where again it moves one unit starting the third tidom and then moving at right angles. This new "place" is the start of the first motion of time and can only happen with at least 3 dimensions and be a minimum energy. Just as important is the fact that the 3 tidoms are not starting at the same moment, but in order. 1,2,3. This holds the tidoms together and as a unit of 3. It also explains that the 3 tidoms are either a right handed (1,2,3) or left handed (1,3,2) system. The difference is that the particle is either matter or antimatter for every elementary particle. So to summarize, (1) Tidoms are discrete length and time. You can not subdivide either, nor have one without the other. (2) They are always in groups of three and each is a particle. Only particles exist in nature. (3) They have one "point" in common and (4) are either matter or antimatter as they are either right or left handed systems. (5) They use up time on each tick and they tick at their own rate, or a single particle has three different times. Next; we need to know that there are 3 different lengths and times for tidoms, L for low frequency, H for high and E for extreme. The ratios in the lengths are a factor of R in each case. The factor in the ratios of time is also R, so that the ratio of length to time is C in all three cases. The difference between L in length and the width of the proton is also R. There are 10 tables of particles, (LLL) thru (EEE). Three of these tables exist but are very unstable and particles only exist for about 10**-35 of a second at the time of our BB. We will not deal with these; (LLE), (LHE). (LEE) now. These are tables with both an L and E tidom. The table (LLH) is the Fermion table, and (LHH) are Bosons. The table (LLL) are space particles, Spocks, (HHH) contains the unit mass, Mu; (EEE) contains supermass, Sm; and (HHE) the first particle, Eu at the time of the BB. (HEE) is the unit force, all other forces are a fixed number of these combined. Next we start with the properties of charge and color. Our charge is different than we think of charge now. We think of the electromagnetic force now. The electro and magnetic forces are two different forces. But the magnet force is always caused by two bosons (magons) being emitted at the same time any virtual photon (charged boson, chargon) is emitted. These two magons are at right angles and in opposite directions. Thus we can’t tell the difference between this and what we think is happening. The results always look like the electromagnetic force. The charge property comes from the tidom being shifted 180 degrees. That is, that the one point in common is at the middle of a tidom rather than at the end. This is true for both L and H tidoms. Thus any tidom shifted will contribute 1/3 charge to any particle with a 180 degree shifted tidom. The H may be shifted by multiple 45%s and have the property of color (3). Remember a shift of 180 degrees or greater changes the particle from right handed to left or anti matter. Tidoms are independent of each other, and any or all may be shifted with respect to the other two. Each tidom has a mass state, determined by the starting point of all three tidoms. Thus every particle has three mass states, a zero mass is an acceptable state. So that the amount of mass is determined by the mass in the previous state as we change from one state to the next. So to summarize. (6) There are 3 different frequencies for tidoms, L,H and E. We only see the E tidom at the time of the BB. (7) Every particle has 3 tidoms so these can be arranged in 10 different configurations or 10 tables of particles. (8) The property of charge or color is a shift of the tidom with respect to the starting point. L only shifts to the midpoint or charge and that now is an antiparticle. H can shift multiple 45 degrees for color and has 3 colors, at 180 or more it shifts to anti particle, (180 is charge only). (9) There are always three mass states for each basic particle, one or more may be zero and these states depend on the shifts of the 3 tidoms. Here are the 12 states for Fermions. Let the notations for the shifts be 0 if no shift, 2 if a half shift for charge, 1 if the shift is 45,90 or 135 degrees for the three colors and 3 if both charge and one of the colors, these last two apply only to H. Thus the allowed particles are (000) meaning the (LLH) is; first L not shifted, 2nd the same and the H is non shifted either. Next are (001), (002), and (003) for the three other H conditions. Also (020), (021), (022) and (023) if the 2nd L is charged shifted. and last we have (220), (221), (222) and (223). Thus there are 12 possible lowest energy, mass independent states particles. We know that there are only 4 in the standard model; Neutrino, Electron and two Quarks, one each with plus and minus charge. All 4 have three different mass states for 12 all together. The neutrino is the state (000), the electron is (222), and the two quarks are (221) plus and (003) negative. The charge in these two causes a right left handed condition twice for (221) and three times for the (222) and one for (003), thus one is plus and the other negative. 8 of the 12 need to be ruled out for a reason dealing with the point in common and best explained after we see Bosons and Spocks. For the space particles the states are (000), (002), (022) and (222). None of these are ruled out. Therefore there are 4 Spocks each with 3 mass states, or 12 space particles. We only see one, the (000). We will find the other 11, all with mass, (very much) in the center of a galaxy. They cause the Fermi bubble and form a stable system because the force of gravity is balanced by the electro charge produced by these particles. The Bosons have 20 states; (LHH) has two possible values for L and 10 for the two HHs. The Standard Model is not correct with respect to bosons. The rule for which states exist and WHY is not clear. We need at least 2 states for (LLL). There are most likely 4 with no exceptions, (000),(002),(022),(222). The 4 (LLH) states all have a different value for H, namely 0,1,2,3. The bosons never have 2 color shifted Hs. Knowing the exact bosons would really help. But I will go with this theory before anything else, so here they are. The ones that exist are; (000) graviton and/or the real photon and/or spon, (001) gluon, (222) virtual charge photon, (022) virtual magnetic photon, these will now be called the charon and magon. Remember each has three mass states. The state (HHH), (000) is the unit mass, (Mu) exactly the mass of the neutrino. (EEE) supermass (Sm), (HHE) first particle (Eu), and (HEE) Unit force (Fu). Let us start at the Big Bang and see these particles. All particles are built from three tidoms. All tidoms have common properties, therefore all particles have these common properties. For the L Tidom some of these are: 1) They are the lowest frequency, that is time has the largest change in value from one tick to the next. 2) There are always three tidoms to every particle. 3) They all are at right angles to each other. 4) They have one point in common always. 5) The L tidom is always aligned in the direction of motion first. The space particle, "Spock", for space block is the only particle in this table. 6) All tidoms may carry mass, thus there are always exactly three mass states for any particle. One state, normally the most stable may be massless. Tidoms are a function of time and distance, understand that energy is a form of time and energy moving over a distance is momentum, then a tidom is momentum. There are 10**105 spocks per cubic meter. Space and the concept of a mathematical volume are two different things. A volume may have from none, no space to at least 10 time more space than volume. The space block, spock, normally sits in Zu. The spock is surrounded by Zu. But multiple spocks may overlap in space. In our universe, vibrating time, we only "see" the spocks. There is no distance between spocks. An example to help understand this is a photon moving thru space. The photon moves from spock to spock each and every time cycle of the L tidom. The distance traveled is the length of the tidom and the time necessary is one tick. That velocity is exactly C and this is why the value is C and everywhere C. The value is C if there is only one spock per cubic meter or 10 time 10**105 spocks per cubic meter. This difference in the density of spocks or space per unit volume is how space expands or contracts. Normally space is about 50% of the volume. The bosons called a "spon" is the "force" necessary for the movement of spocks in Zu. (see LHH). Spocks are created from the decay of mass. This occurs within a star and in general causes space to move out and away from a star in all directions rather evenly. Space, a spock does have two special properties. One, but still in common with all other particles is an interaction between any two particles. All particles have a life cycle. If they do not interact with another particle within their life cycle their energy returns to Zu. This is the same action as borrow energy. The reason the spock is so involved is that it is the only particle around most of the time for most of the interactions. Even two spocks must interact in this way. That is done by the "spon" boson. The second property is called an energy chain. A particle never sees the future, it only knows now and the past, whatever just happened. In the case of the spock, since all three tidoms are L, the past is a long time for particles and given that most of the time just two spocks are interacting they are extremely well in sync. A virtual particle passing thru space will leave every spock it passes thru in prefect timing such that a chain some R (10**20) spocks long is in complete sync. This is an energy chain. Real photons will not do this. Let us start with the movement of mass in a spock. Mass, like any other particle is a particle. The spock is R times larger in volume than a fermion, fermions are R times larger than boson and bosons are R times larger than the unit mass. R**3 (10**60) unit masses fit into a single spock, never more. For the unit mass to pass thru one spock it must pass thru every possible location in the spock. The spon is responsible for the movement of particles, including the unit mass from spock to spock and all move on the same and only one tick. Therefore, the minimum velocity a unit mass may have is one change of position in every tick of the spock, or the L tidom. If the mass does not move, and the two particles do not interact with still another particle, both will return to Zu. Since the number of movements is an integer, the change in velocity is one unit of momentum. The masses only change momentum by this unit. All forces are from, a form of a single unit forces.

Interesting - I still don't believe that we will find another advanced life form, but it is interesting. http://www.foxnews.com/science/2017/02/22/7-new-earth-like-exoplanets-discovered-nasa-announces.html

Can someone explain in simple terms how any science discipline point to this universe spitting machine called a multiverse. Intuitively it doesn't seem like science can because of two reasons. First time doesn't exist before the universe, so technically it's scientifically illogical to talk of anything "before" the universe. Second, how can physics point to anything before the universe started when the laws of physics started at the big bang

Fascinating - I thought I'd share http://www.nature.com/news/ligo-black-hole-echoes-hint-at-general-relativity-breakdown-1.21135

Energy Chains. All elementary particles have three preons and thus three time cycles of two ticks. Every particle must interact with another particle every time cycle. The longest time cycle is Planck’s time for the L preon. This interaction allows the particle’s time cycles to advance to the next cycle. Any two or more elementary particles are an energy chain. Their properties are combined into one particle unit. If a particle does not interact with another particle in its longest time cycle, the cycles will stop and the particle, its energy and preons will return to Zu as unused time. The particle is already sitting in Zu. Most particles are also sitting in a space particle, both are a chain and the chain sits in Zu. An example of the time cycle stopping is a photon leaving the edge of the universe. The first time it does not interact with another space particle because it is outside the edge, the photon’s time cycle stops and it returns to Zu as unused time. We never see any photons from outside our universe. A galaxy, if it is moving outwards faster than the edge is expanding, will disappear as it leaves the edge behind by less than an inch. An energy chain may be any two particles or may be any number of particles. Examples are: two space particles, a space particle and an electron, a positron and an electron, or any number of particles, but normally, one is a space particle. The chain concept comes from the more normal case of a particle moving thru space. A new chain is started each time the particle moves from one space particle to the next space particle. The new chain normally includes the last spock too, so that now there are more than 2 particles. And normally nothing breaks these chains so that they grow very long in all cases. All these particles and preons in the chains are synchronized in time. The spock is built from 3 L preons while the Fermions and Bosons have one/two H preons, so that the ratio in timing is generally R. Only some interaction with a new particle will break an existing chain. Chains will last a long time even here on earth. An example of this is the two slit electron experiment. The electron from one slit does not run into its own possible path thru the other slit. What it runs into is a chain from a previous electron that passed thru the other slit. Both Fermions and Boson can create a chain by themselves. A fermion can create a boson by itself which it then emits. A Boson which contains the property of charge, color or mass can also create a boson. Both get that energy for the new boson from Zu and both normally are in a space particle or spock. Energy chains build particle systems from elementary particles. The first systems are built from quarks only. Mesons are two quarks, the Proton and Neutron are three quarks. After that ANY number of quarks will build a system. All isotopes that have a given number of quarks by charge will also have multiple structures. The structure is built very ridged. The spacing between quarks is fixed at one length, R*L. This is the distance across a proton or neutron. Two quarks are on a line, the bosons being exchanged between them interact with the quarks at exactly this distance and time. If the quarks are too far apart, the colors are different and the force pulls then together, if they are too close, the colors are the same and the force pushes them apart. The quarks change color as the bosons, quarks interact. Three quarks are on a plane, the three form a nearly perfect equilateral tringle. This is ALWAYS the structure used and the only structure. For both protons and neutrons, we will consider the triangle base to be the two quarks of the same charge. Thus if any leg is longer it is this one. Now, to add another quark we find that one CAN NOT be above or below that triangle or we would have all 4 quarks interacting in one system and since there are only three colors, that system is very unstable. The only place we may add another quark is on the plain and since the distance is fixed the 4 quarks will be two equilateral triangles with a side in common. Nature does this in a star. While 4 and 5 quarks do exist, they are very unstable. A star starts out with one quark from each system, neutron, proton at the given distance and a second quark from each system then moves into that fixed distance also and we have N2, H2, He2. These 3 systems all have 4 triangles in common, all on a given plain. Each triangle is held together with the same strength as a neutron or proton as far as color is concerned, all three would be more stable than either a P or N if the charge were not considered. If the base leg is two quarks of the same charge, then that leg should have a longer distance. The timing in the interactions allows that leg a difference in distance of only one L. Consider just two quarks, at some distance, the quarks will change colors. At that point the interaction of a quark and a gluon will change from a force that pushes to one that pulls. This produces the stable distance, If we have 3 legs then that system is more stable because each quark has two forces at an angle of 60 degrees, fixing that distance. The base leg varies slightly. Consider the 2 plus charge leg, the proton is more stable than the neutron, so the extra charge, (force) is necessary to improve stability. Let’s start with the PN4 system. This is a proton and a neutron and 4 triangles. Construct two parallel lines whose distance apart is the height of the equilateral triangle. Say the two plus quarks from the proton are on the top line and the negative quark is on the bottom line half way in between the two plus. Now add the neutron on the right so that the two negative quarks are on the bottom line and the plus on the top line is again half way in between and all quarks are the same distance apart on each line and still in a plain. This is the structure of the PN4 particle. We will also need the NPN7 which starts with the PN4 and adds the neutron on the left just as we added it on the right before. The NPN7 has 7 triangles and 15 legs. These two parallel lines now have 4 plus quarks on the top line and 5 negative on the bottom. Both of these two structure build ALL quark systems. Let’s construct an Alpha particle, start with the NP4, take a second NP4 and turn it upside down, and place it above the first such that the distance apart is the same as the distance between parallel lines. From the end, the 4 parallel lines will look like the 4 corners of a perfect square with two corners recessed, either the two plus quarks or negative from either end. This is the alpha particle, (PPNN). It does exist, but the more common one is a little more refined. Start with two PN4 again place the second above the first and flip top to bottom and then right to left and then shift apart ½ a leg length. This the NPPN14. He differences are that looking in from the ends, one sees the negative quark first and there are no plus quarks with only 3 legs. These two structures are the ONLY ones needed to build ALL isotopes. Here are some common properties: 1. There are 3 colors, but they only change in ONE order, ie. 45, 90, and 135 degrees. 2. All the colors are determined by picking 2 colors on any leg and determining all the rest with three different per tringle. 3. The maximum number of legs per quark is 10. Two quarks of the same charge on the parallel line and the rest with opposite charge. 4. All the quarks change color ever L tick and all in the same order. 5. Each quark may have gluons around it, but only 2 spocks out. All the legs are energy chains, with gluons, charons, magons and gravitons traveling that distance with each L tick. 6. Each isotope may have MANY different structures. This causes many slightly different energies for the same electron orbit for the same isotope. 7. From the outside you will see either end only with negative quarks first and see some rectangle with perfect squares whose corners are the parallel lines, ALL with alternating plus and minus signs. 8. When the isotope decays, it is the quark that decays, it is not the structure. The quark is a negative one found on the outside with only 3 legs. This implies that all the excess energy from the entire structure is in this one quark on the same L tick. 9. When the negative quark decays it returns to Zu, the positive quark, electron, neutrino may be found at the other end of either positive lines that connect with that quark. This then will be part of any alpha particle that decays later. 10. Any plain with 6 or 9 quarks may then remove one corner quark and replace it with one on the other corner and is as complete a structure as the one started with.

To interesting not to share https://futurism.com/physicists-just-confirmed-evidence-of-a-possible-fifth-fundamental-force/

I have just recently gotten interested in astronomy. I was wondering what other people thought about other life. Sorry if this isn't really the best poll. I kind of just put it all together in five minutes. https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSchhVJIustAmrbqzH5R3H7dlsqZQ8W-eHbWtTWmo6LtOEge7w/viewform ^Link to the poll.

Spectacular change in Saturn's polar hexagon. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37766918

Here is an interesting paper that support my long held position that we are likely the only advanced species in the universe --> https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/08/03/a-new-reason-why-we-havent-found-alien-life-in-the-universe/

Full screen obligatory!

It's safe to say none of us understand this, so why not open a discussion? Here is a presentation which contains some readable ideas. I found it because the author came up with the same analogy to chain mail that I did (I searched to see if anyone had). My own thoughts on the real nature of space time is much closer to Smolin's, quoted in the same presentation: “To understand what we mean when we say that space is discrete, we must put our minds completely into the relational way of thinking, and really try to see and feel the world around us as nothing but a network of evolving relationships. These relationships are not among things situated in space – they are among the events that make up the history of the world. The relationships define the space, not the other way around.” (Smolin, 96) It is possible to imagine space time resulting from the the relationships in a Hilbert space of states, but I am not clever enough to make that precise!

So far we have Brumtown, SmyslovFan, Alasre. But I am sure they can explain this far better than me. I just thought I would help and find a place for them to explain it to all of us. So far they were using the notes for that. And now me , of course, but not the notes. And still no idea why.