[I thought I would post this for fun. I researched coffee once because I wanted to. I wrote all the information down. Now I will share it if you're interested in reading. The writing below doesn't have a lot of style, it's simply information. There's a lot to read. Perhaps the most interesting part is "Origin of Coffee." I made this a while ago, so there may be typos. I copied and pasted, so it's possible that there are format issues. However, I looked through and didn't see any. I do not remember my sources; so, if you want citations, they are not there.]
Origin of Coffee
Other Legends of Origin
The Five Attempts Made to Ban Coffee
What Coffee Is
Decaf Coffee
Different Coffee Types
ORIGIN OF COFFEE:
The story goes that there was an ancient coffee forest on the Ethiopian plateau. The goat herder Kaldi first discovered the potential of the beans. Apparently, he noticed that after eating the berries from a certain tree, his goats were so energetic that they didn’t want to sleep at night. Kaldi told the abbot of a local monastery about it. The abbot made a drink out of the beans which kept him alert during the long hours of evening prayer. He shared these findings with his fellow monks and the knowledge spread.
The first absolutely credible evidence of coffee drinking or knowledge of coffee trees was in the late 15th century by Sufi Imam Muhammad Ibn Said Al Dhabhani who was known to import goods between Ethiopia and Yemen.
Coffee was first sent from Ethiopia to Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula by Somali merchants from Berbera and Zeila in modern-day Somaliland. They grew it in the Yemini district. Sufis would use coffee to help them concentrate and as a sort of spiritual intoxication when they chanted the name of God. They would also use it to keep them awake during nighttime devotionals.
A translation of Al Jaziri’s manuscript traces the spread of coffee from Yemen northward to Mecca and Medina, then to the larger cities of Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, and Constantinople.
It was known in Persia, Egypt, Syria, and Turkey by the 16th century. Coffee began to be enjoyed in coffee houses, known as qahveh khaneh, which appeared in cities across the Near East. The popularity of qahveh khaneh was unequaled, and they were frequented for all sorts of social activity. The patrons would drink coffee and engage in conversation, listen to music, watch performers, play chess, and talk of news. They were such important centers of information that they soon became known as “Schools of the Wise.” The pilgrims who visited Mecca each year began to spread the news of the “wine of Araby.”
Coffee was first seen in Europe on the island of Malta in the 16th century. It was actually introduced through slavery. The Turkish Muslim slaves, imprisoned by the Knights of St John in 1565, used it to make their traditional beverage. Coffee was also a popular drink in Maltese high society.
Coffee first publicly entered Europe through the Republic of Venice, which had trade with North Africa, Egypt, and the East. The Venetian merchants made coffee and charged high prices for it to the wealthy of Venice.
By the 17th century, coffee was in Europe and was becoming popular. Some people greeted it with fear, calling it the “bitter invention of Satan.” The local clergy in Venice condemned coffee when it arrived in 1615. Pope Clement VIII eventually tasted coffee, found it extremely satisfying, and gave his papal approval. Coffee soon began to replace beer and wine as the common breakfast drink. Those who drank it in the morning began their day alert and the quality of work was greatly improved.
The first coffee house, apart from those in Malta and the Ottoman Empire, opened in Venice in 1645.
The first in Austria opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna, by using supplies from spoils obtained from the Turk’s defeat. The officer who first received the beans, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, who was Polish, opened the coffee house and helped to spread the custom of adding sugar and milk to coffee. Mélange is the typical Viennese coffee, which comes mixed with foamed milk and a glass of water. The evolving culture of the Viennese coffee houses eventually developed the cappuccino several hundred years later.
Leonhard Rauwolf’s 1583 account says that coffee was available in England no later than the 16th century, mostly through the efforts of the Levant Company. The first coffeehouse was in St. Michael’s Ally in Cornhill, London, the proprietor was Pasqua Rosee, the servant of Daniel Edwards, a trader in Turkish goods. Edward’s would import this coffee and he helped Pasqua to set up the house. Queen’s Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, still exists today. By 1675 there were over 3,000 coffeehouses in England. During the 1660-1670s, which was during the enlightenment, coffeehouses were places for deep religious and political discussions. This was so common that Charles II made an attempt to destroy all coffee houses in 1675. Some women could not come to coffeehouse, though it wasn’t universal; for instance, Germany allowed women to come to them. Penny Universities also sprang up, so called because you could buy coffee and conversation for one penny.
In Germany, coffee was originally written using the English word, then they adopted the French Café, then slowly changed it to the present Kaffee. The first coffeehouses were built at the North Sea Ports, including Bremen and Hamburg, in the 1670s. Coffee was served in the courts as early as 1675, but Berlin’s first coffeehouse was made in 1721. The popularity of coffee was not widely spread until the 18th century. Interestingly, Johann Sebastian Bach composed the “Coffee Cantata” in 1732-35, in which a young woman, Lieschen, pleads with her disapproving father to accept her devotion to drinking coffee, which was then a newfangled fashion.
In the mid-1600s, coffee was brought to New York. In 1773, due to the Boston Tea Party, coffee forever became the preferred drink for Americans.
Competition was fierce to grow coffee outside of Arabia in the late 17th century. The Dutch eventually got some seedlings. They first planted them in Indian and failed. They succeeded in Batavia, on the island of Java. Their plants thrived and they soon had more coffee trees on Sumatra and Celebes.
In 1714, the Mayor of Amsterdam gave a young coffee plant to King Louis XIV of France. It was planted in the Royal Botanical Garden in Paris. In 1723, a young naval officer named Gabriel de Clieu got a seedling from the King’s plant. His voyage was challenging, complete with horrendous weather, a saboteur trying to destroy the seedling, and a pirate attack. Gabriel managed to get the seedling to Martinique. This seedling thrived and spread over 18 million trees in the next 50 years. It’s the parent tree of all coffee trees throughout the Caribbean, South, and Central America.
The famed Brazilian coffee owes its existence to Francisco de Mello Palheta, who was sent by the emperor of French Guiana to get coffee seedlings. The French weren’t willing to share. The French Governor’s wife, who thought he was handsome, gave him a large bouquet of flowers in which were hidden enough coffee seeds to begin a billion-dollar industry.
Missionaries, travelers, traders, and colonists carried seeds all over the world. Plantations were established in tropical forests and rugged mountain highlands. Some flourished, some died. Nations were established on coffee economies. By the end of the 18th century, coffee was one of the most profitable crops. After crude oil, coffee is the most sought commodity in the world.
OTHER LEGENDS OF ORIGIN:
One says that Moroccan Sufi (or mystic) Ghothul Akbar Nooruddin Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili was said to be traveling to Ethiopia when he saw birds of unusual energy eating berries. When he ate the berries, he also experienced the same vitality.
Another, according to the Abd-Al-Kadir manuscript, says that Sheikh Abu al-Hasan ash-Shadhili’s disciple, Omar, who was known to be able to cure the sick people through prayer, was deported from Mecca to a desert cave near Ousab city. Omar was starving, and he find berries, which he ate, but found to be bitter. He tried to roast them to improve the flavor, but they became too hard. When he boiled them, a fragrant brown liquid was produced, which, when he drank it, rejuvenated him, and helped him to survive for days. When Omar returned to Mecca, he told of this “miracle drug” and was soon made a saint.
Whichever was the case, coffee was primarily used in the Islamic world in the beginning and was directly related to religious practices. For instance, coffee was used to help people fast in the day and stay awake at night during Ramadan. Coffee also became associated with Muhammad’s birthday. Various legends say that Muhammad, through the angel Gabriel, received coffee to replace wine, which Islam forbade.
Etymology:
The word “coffee” entered the English language in 1582. It came from the Dutch koffie, which was borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish Kahve, which in turn borrowed from the Arabic qahwah.
Qahwah originally referred to a type of wine. Arab lexicographers said it was derived from the verb qaha (to lack hunger) in reference to wine’s reputations as an appetite suppressant.
Alternatively, some believe it can be traced to the Arabic quwwa (“power, energy”), or to Kaffa, a medieval kingdom in Ethiopia from which the plant was exported to Arabia.
The name qahwah wasn’t used as a name for the berry of the plant, which were known as bunn. Semitic languages had the root qhh, “dark color,” which became a natural name for the drink. So, following this analysis, the feminine form of qahwah (also meaning “dark in color, dull(ing), dry, sour), was probably chosen to parallel the feminine khamr (“wine”) and originally meant “the dark one.”
THE FIVE ATTEMPTS MADE TO BAN COFFEE:
1. It was banned in Mecca in 1511, believed to stimulate radical thinking and hanging out, which the governor thought would unite his opposition. Java got rapped for its use as a stimulant since some Sufi sects would pass around a bowl to stay awake during prayers at funerals.
2. When it arrived in Italy in the 16th century, clergyman wanted to ban it because they thought it was Satanic. When Pope Clement VIII tasted it, he thought it was delicious and even joked that it should be baptized. After that, coffee houses rapidly sprang up across Europe.
3. When Murad IV took the Ottoman throne in 1623 he forbade coffee. The first time you were caught drinking it, you were beaten. The second time you were sewn into a leather bag and thrown into the waters of the Bosporus.
4. Sweden banned coffee in 1746, as well as confiscating cups and dishes as “coffee paraphernalia.” King Gustav III ordered that murderers should be forced to drink it while doctors recorded how long it took for them to be killed by it. There was no result.
5. In 1777 Frederick the Great of Prussia said, “His Majesty was brought up on beer.” Thus, stating that beer was the superior drink for the morning.
WHAT COFFEE IS:
Coffee trees are pruned to be short so that their energy is conserved, though they can be up to 30 feet tall. They have green, waxy leaves that grow in pairs. Coffee cherries grow in a continuous cycle so that you may see flowers, green fruit, and ripe fruit on a single tree at the same time. A tree takes a year to mature, and about 5 years of growth to reach full production. They can live up to 100 years and are generally the most productive between 7-20 years. Coffee trees can produce 10 pounds of coffee cherries per year, or 2 pounds of green beans. All commercial coffee trees grow in the Coffee Belt, which has rich soil, mild temperatures, frequent rain, and shaded sun.
Coffee has its origin in a genus of plants known of Coffea. There are over 500 genera and 6,000 species. However, there are between 25-100 species of coffee plants. In the commercial industry, the two most important species are Arabica and Robusta.
Arabica has a few varieties: Bourbon, Typica, Caturra, Mundo Novo, Tico, San Ramon, and Jamaican Blue Mountain. These are the original coffee trees discovered in Ethiopia. They have a fine, mild, aromatic coffee, producing 70% of all coffee production. Arabica coffees bring the highest coffees. The best Arabicas are grown in altitudes between 2,000 to 6,000 feet, temperatures between 59-75 degrees Fahrenheit, and 60 inches of rainfall. However, they are costly to cultivate because of the terrain they need to grow, because they’re more disease prone than Robusta, and they require additional care and attention.
Robusta has one variety. Robusta is grown in Central and Western Africa, parts of Southeast Asia, and in Brazil. It accounts for 30% of the market. It’s primarily used in blends and instant coffee. It is resistant to disease and parasites, prefers constant temperatures between 75-85 degrees Fahrenheit, 60 inches of rainfall, and cannot withstand frost. Robusta has a distinctive taste and has 50-60% more caffeine than Arabica.
Coffee Cherries hold two beans each. 5% of them have one bean, called a peaberry, which is a natural mutation. Some think that peaberries taste better and they are occasionally sorted out for special sale.
DECAF COFFEE:
It is said that decaf coffee starts with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a German who wrote the tragedy “Faust”, and dabbled in natural science. In 1819, a chemist named Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge demonstrated that an extract of deadly nightshade would dilate a cat’s pupils. Goethe then gave Runge a box of coffee beans and told him to find out why it kept him up at night. A few years later, Runge isolated and identified caffein. His associates allegedly nicknamed him “Doktor Gift,” which means “Dr. Poison” in German. It took about 100 years for people to figure out how to extract caffeine and still have coffee that tasted like coffee.
Apparently, the first commercially successful decaffeination of coffee was invented in 1905 by German coffee merchant, Ludwig Roselius. According to Atlas Obscura, Roselius received a shipment of coffee beans that had accidentally been soaked in seawater. Roselius processed the beans and tested them. He found the coffee had been stripped of caffeine, but tasted basically like coffee, if a bit salty. Roselius figured out he could use benzene to remove caffeine. His company, Kaffee HAG, sold decaf coffee as Sanka, which became a mid-20th-century staple. Today, benzene is no longer used because it known as a carcinogen, which can cause cancer.
Today, coffee beans, in order to be decaffeinated, are subjected to one of four different methods: using water alone; using a mixture of water and solvents (commonly methylene chloride or ethyl acetate) applied directly; using a mixture of water and solvents applied indirectly; or using water and “supercritical carbon dioxide.” This removes 97% or the caffeine. The beans are then washed, steamed, and roasted at temperatures which evaporate all liquid used in decaffeination. While decaf coffee has about 2mg of caffeine, regular coffee has about 95mg.
The method of using supercritical carbon dioxide to separate caffeine also originated somewhat accidentally in Germany. The Chemist Kurt Zosel found that when gas is heated and put under a lot of pressure, it inters into a supercritical state which can sperate different chemical substances. He patented this decaffeination method in 1970. It is still widely used today, and, according to NPR, crude caffeine can be salvaged from this process to use in sodas, energy drinks, and other products.
Another method, called the Swiss Water Process, was created by Kastle, and used commercially in the 1970s. Green coffee beans are soaked in water so that all of the components found in coffee enter the water; the caffeine is then separated with carbon. This “green water” is then used to soak other green coffee beans. As the liquid and beans seek equilibrium, the caffeine from the beans enters the green water, until the beans are almost entirely caffeine-free.
DIFFERENT COFFEE TYPES:
North America and the Caribbean:
United States – Hawaii: the most popular type of coffee grown in Hawaii is Kona Coffee. Kona Coffee is grown in rich, volcanic soil from the active volcano Mauna Loa. The perfect amount of shade is given from tropical clouds and trees, and frequent rain gives the perfect amount of water. The Kona Coffee is carefully processed and makes a rich, aromatic cup of medium body.
Mexico: there are over 100,000 Mexican coffee farmers, making it one of the top producers. Most farms are found in Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. Mexican coffee is a wonderful aroma and a depth of flavor, often with pronounces sharpness. If Mexican coffee is labeled Altura it means it was grown at high altitudes.
Jn nCentral America
Guatemala: Guatemala’s coffee has a distinct taste and rich flavor. It’s grown in three main regions – Antigua, Coban, and Huehuetenango – in rich volcanic soil. Guatemalan coffee is medium-to full-bodied and has a depth and complexity of taste this is almost spicy or chocolatey.
Costa Rica: Costa Rica only produces wet-processed Arabicas. It has a medium body and a sharp acidity, which some think is the perfect balance. Throughout the entire process, there is careful attention to quality and growing methods.
South America:
Colombia: Colombia ranks second worldwide in yearly production and is probably the best-known coffee producer. A high standard of excellence is carefully maintained across the thousands of small family farms. This attention to detail makes a consistent, mild coffee with well-balanced acidity. The Colombian landscape is the perfect natural environment for growing, but due to the terrain, it is difficult to transport the coffee; even today it’s brought to the shipment centers by mules and jeeps. Colombian Supremo is the highest grade, with a delicate, aromatic sweetness. Excelso Grade has a softer and slightly more acidic blend.
Brazil: Brazil is the biggest coffee producer in the world. The plantations are vast and need hundreds of people to manage them. Arabica and Robusta are grown and produce many varieties. Good Brazilian coffee is clear, sweet, medium-bodied, and low-acid.
East Africa:
Ethiopia: Most of the coffee in Ethiopia is still harvested from the original wild forests. Coffee here is generally wet processed. It comes from three growing regions – Sidamo, Harrar, and Kaffa- and generally bear those names. Ethiopian coffee tends to have a remarkable and bold statement: full flavored, a bit down-to-earth, and full bodied.
Kenya: Kenyan coffee is well-known and well-liked in the US and in Europe. The beans have a sharp, fruity acidity, combined with a full body and rich fragrance. The coffee is grown on the foothills of Mount Kenya, mostly by small farmers. There is great emphasis on quality. Kenya has their own grading system: AA is the largest size bean, and AA+ means it was estate grown.
West Africa:
Ivory Coast: The Ivory Coast is one of the largest producers of Robusta Coffee. This variety is ideal for dark roast, so it is used a lot in espresso blends.
Arabian Peninsula:
Yemen: Yemen is where coffee was first commercially grown. It is grown within the small, terraced gardens of family farms. Since water is scarce, the beans are typically smaller and irregular in size. The beans are always dry processed for the same reason. Yemeni coffee has a distinct taste and is deep, rich, and like no other. In ancient times, coffee was shipped from the famous Yemeni port of Mocha to places all over the world. The word “Mocha” became synonymous with Arabian coffee. The Dutch eventually combined Arabian coffee with coffee from Java, the first coffee blend. Mocha Java blend is still widely known today.
Asia:
Indonesia: Indonesia is composed of thousands of island. Several of the larger islands – Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi – are known for fine quality coffee. Coffee Trees were first introduced to Indonesia by the Dutch in the 17th century, which soon led to the world’s production. Small coffee farms of 1-2 acres are the predominate method in Indonesia and most is dry processed. Indonesian coffee is noted for a pronounced, rich, full body and mild acidity. Indonesia also is known for aged coffee, which were stored for long periods of time by farmers who wanted to get a higher price. Warehousing in Indonesia’s warm, damp climate makes a coffee which is prize for deep body and less acidity. The process cannot be matched, even with today’s technology.
Vietnam: Coffee first came to Vietnam in the mid-19th century by French missionaries who brought Arabica trees from the island of Bourbon and planted them around Tonkin. Coffee was recently re-introduced, and the industry grew extremely fast; Vietnam is rapidly becoming one of the largest producers in the world. Coffee is mostly grown on small plantations in the southern half of the country. It’s mostly Robusta with light acidity and a mild body; it is commonly used for blending.
Other Coffee Producers Include: Angola, Bolivia, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, China, Cote d’Ivoire, Cuba, Democratic Republic of Congo, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Nicaragua, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Democratic Republic of Lao, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Uganda, Venezuela, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.