Origin
The precursors of chess originated in India during the Gupta empire,where its early form in the 6th century was known as caturaṅga, which translates as "four divisions [of the military]": infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariotry, represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became chatrang and the rules were developed further. The game was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names. In Arabic, the game became shatranj. The Moors of North Africa rendered "shatranj" as shaterej which gave rise to the Spanish acedrex, axedrez and ajedrez; in Portuguese it became xadrez, and in Greek zatrikion, but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian shāh ("king"). Thus, the game came to be called sah in Romanian, šah in Slovenian, schach in German, schaken in Dutch, shakki in Finnish, szachy in Polish scacchi in Italian, šahs in Latvian, and échecs in French which originally meant "game of kings".
Map showing origin and diffusion of chess from India to Asia, Africa, and Europe, and the changes in the native names of the game in corresponding places and time
The game reached Western Europe and Russia by at least three routes, the earliest being in the 9th century. By the year 1000 it had spread throughout Europe. Introduced into the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors in the 10th century, it was described in a famous 13th century manuscript covering shatranj, backgammon, and dice named the Libro de los juegos.
Another theory is that chess arose from the game xiangqi (Chinese Chess) or one of its predecessors. However, the game of chess has been attributed, not to the Chinese, but to the Indians by both Persian and Arab historians and literary writers. Even so, some say the origin of the game remains lost in antiquity.
Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape. This game was introduced to the Near East from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of Persian nobility.Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders and others carried it to the Far East where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares.Chaturanga reached Europe through Persia, the Byzantine empire and the expanding Arabian empire.Muslims carried chess to North Africa, Sicily, and Spain by the 10th century.
The game was developed extensively in Europe, and by the late 15th century, it had survived a series of prohibitions and Christian Church sanctions to almost take the shape of the modern game. The modern times saw reliable references works, competitive chess tournaments and exciting new variants add to the popularity of the game, further bolstered by reliable time mechanisms, effective rules and charismatic players. reference:encyclopedia