That ‘one defense’ becomes quickly 32, 40, 80 lines. Scheveningen amounts to over 300 lines for me. Then you have Najdorf, Ruy Lopez, or KID as the response to 1. d4. Hundreds of lines with just ‘one’ innocent defense.
In response to 93.
Studying openings doesn't mean "learn every possible line in existence". That'd be an insurmountable approach.
One can start with basic principles, then move toward understanding the basic thematic ideas and goals in a few key openings/defenses of choice.
In any case, some sort of opening study is required, lest you have a player sitting on move 1, scratching their head, having no clue what to do.
Case in point: My nephew (a beginner in every sense of the word) started by studying king+rook endgames.
In the opening? He has always opened with 1. h4, and 1...h5
The reason? When asked, he said it's because he wants to get his rook out first, so he can use it like he's done in his endgames.
Here's an example where the necessity of learning at least some basic opening principles would be (and have been) entirely beneficial to the player.
Every line in your chosen repertoire must be known. Openings are very specific: principles are for the lazy who just want to get by without specific study.
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"... Overall, I would advise most players to stick to a fairly limited range of openings, and not to worry about learning too much by heart. ..." - FM Steve Giddins (2008)
"... I feel that the main reasons to buy an opening book are to give a good overview of the opening, and to explain general plans and ideas. ..." - GM John Nunn (2006)
"... the average player only needs to know a limited amount about the openings he plays. Providing he understands the main aims of the opening, a few typical plans and a handful of basic variations, that is enough. ..." - FM Steve Giddins (2008)
Certainly not enough, unless the brain in question is average.
You are not paying attention to what was said: no one was promoting memorization for its own sake. I said understanding every line in your repertoire produces, naturally, and if the brain is capable of it, as a next natural step, memorization. It flows naturally from understanding.
Understanding comes first, then memorizing the lines that have been understood is the next step. Not understanding all the lines is for the lazy, who want to get by on principles.