Wreckage on the runway
|
|
| Accident | |
|---|---|
| Date | March 27, 1977 |
| Summary | Runway collision caused by pilot error on the KLM aircraft, communication errors, and other factors |
| Site |
Tenerife, Canary Islands Coordinates: 28.48165°N 16.3384°W |
| Total fatalities | 583 |
| Total injuries | 61 |
| Total survivors | 61 (on board Pan Am plane) |
| First aircraft | |
.jpg) PH-BUF, the KLM Boeing 747-206B involved in the accident |
|
| Type | Boeing 747-206B |
| Name | Rijn ("Rhine") |
| Operator | KLM Royal Dutch Airlines |
| Registration | PH-BUF |
| Flight origin | Schiphol Airport Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| Destination | Gran Canaria Airport Gran Canaria, Canary Islands |
| Passengers | 234 |
| Crew | 14 |
| Fatalities | 248 |
| Survivors | 0 |
| Second aircraft | |
 A Pan Am Boeing 747-121, similar to the aircraft involved in the accident |
|
| Type | Boeing 747-121 |
| Name | Clipper Victor |
| Operator | Pan American World Airways |
| Registration | N736PA |
| Flight origin | Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles, United States |
| Stopover | John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City, U.S. |
| Destination | Gran Canaria Airport Gran Canaria, Canary Islands |
| Passengers | 380 |
| Crew | 16 |
| Fatalities | 335 (326 passengers, 9 crew) |
| Injuries | 61 |
| Survivors | 61 |
On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747 passenger jets, KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736, collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport), on the Spanish island of Tenerife, Canary Islands,[1][2] killing 583 people, making it the deadliest accident in aviation history.
A terrorist incident at Gran Canaria Airport had caused many flights to be diverted to Los Rodeos, including the two aircraft involved in the accident. The airport quickly became congested with parked airplanes blocking the only taxiway and forcing departing aircraft to taxi on the runway instead. Patches of thick fog were drifting across the airfield, so that the aircraft and control tower were unable to see one another.[1][2]
The collision occurred when KLM 4805 initiated its takeoff run while Pan Am 1736, shrouded in fog, was still on the runway and about to turn off onto the taxiway. The impact and resulting fire killed everyone on board the KLM plane and most of the occupants of the Pan Am plane, with only 61 survivors in the front section of the aircraft.[1][2]
The subsequent investigation by Spanish authorities concluded that the primary cause of the accident was the KLM captain's decision to take off in the mistaken belief that a takeoff clearance from air traffic control (ATC) had been issued.[3] Dutch investigators placed a greater emphasis on mutual misunderstanding in radio communications between the KLM crew and ATC,[4] but ultimately KLM admitted that their crew was responsible for the accident and the airline agreed to financially compensate the relatives of all of the victims.[5]
The disaster had a lasting influence on the industry, highlighting in particular the vital importance of using standardized phraseology in radio communications. Cockpit procedures were also reviewed, contributing to the establishment of crew resource management as a fundamental part of airline pilots' training.[6]
Delta Air Lines Flight 191 was a regularly scheduled Delta Air Lines domestic service from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to Los Angeles with an intermediate stop at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW). On August 2, 1985, the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar operating Flight 191 encountered a microburst while on approach to land at DFW. The aircraft struck the ground over a mile short of the runway, struck a car near the airport, and then collided with two water tanks and disintegrated. The crash killed 137 people and injured 28 others.[a] The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the crash resulted from the flight crew's decision to fly through a thunderstorm, the lack of procedures or training to avoid or escape microbursts, and the lack of hazard information on wind shear.