Here's the best article I've found on the thought process. It's by Coach Dan Heisman. You could find other articles of interest on his website danheisman.com but this is in PDF and was something he wrote for Silman's website. Enjoy!
http://www.freewebs.com/camouflage_a/ch_instruction/thethinkingcap.pdf
Hi! I am a chess player (15 yrs) with an unknown rating, but approximately ~1300. I've started playing chess when I was 6, but I almost always lost and that was not really motivating so I stopped. Last year, I became interested in chess again and joined a chess club where a friend of mine is.
Since then, I watched a lot of videos, studied some basic openings and I am going to read (and study) "The Amateur's Mind" by Silman. Somehow I think that I know more than my thinking procress can "use". Although I do not just blunder away pieces that easily and I don't miss one-move-threats, I do not often find the "killer move" (turning a winnig position into a drawn one). I miss opportunities or turn an equal position into a bad one without making obvious positional mistakes; I often have a plan but am not able to play it out.
Furthermore, I discovered that my thinking process is far from optimal. I don't know when to really calculate, look for tactics and so on and I sometimes just stop in the middle of calculating a line and just play the move that came to my mind first. I also don't know which moves I should consider - this ends in a loss when I am defending or I just miss the winning blow (even if it seems obvios after the game). As a consequence, I often play passively and blunder when I am defending.
Do you have some recommendations on what I could do to improve?